Ruminant intestinal Nematodes, liver parasites, and respiratory parasites

What is the common name of Cooperia spp.?

Cooperia worms

What are the phylum/class and location of Cooperia spp.?

Phylum/class: Nemathelminthes/Nematoda. Location: small intestine.

What are the clinical signs and diagnosis of Cooperia spp.?

Clinical signs: diarrhea, decreased rate of gain. Diagnosis: fecal float, strongyle-type egg, Baermann.

What is the treatment/control for Cooperia spp.?

Fenbendazole, strategic deworming, pasture management.

What is the pathology and control of Cooperia spp.?

Pathology: permanent changes; causes more problems when mixed with HOT COMPLEX. Control: strategic deworming and pasture management.

What is the life cycle of Cooperia spp.?

Same as Haemonchus except it overwinters and does not go through hypobiosis. L3 larvae overwinter; adult worms pass eggs; eggs pass into the environment; larvae hatch from eggs; larvae mature into infective L3 larvae, which are ingested on pasture.

What is the common name of Nematodirus spp.?

None listed.

What are the phylum/class and location of Nematodirus spp.?

Phylum/class: Nemathelminthes/Nematoda. Location: small intestine.

What are the clinical signs and diagnosis of Nematodirus spp.?

Clinical signs: similar to Cooperia; fairly mild unless worm burden is heavy; mild diarrhea and decreased rate of gain. EPG exceeding 3,000 is a severe infection. Most cattle have immunity by 6 months of age. Diagnosis: fecal float with Sheather's solution.

What is the treatment/control of Nematodirus spp.?

Control: keep adult sheep on heavily infected pastures; benzimidazole as needed.

What is the pathology and control of Nematodirus spp.?

Pathology: causes permanent changes in the small-intestinal mucosa. Control: keep adult sheep on heavily infected pastures; benzimidazole as needed.

What is the life cycle of Nematodirus spp.?

Similar to Haemonchus. Infective larvae are ingested. L3 larvae can overwinter; L3 does not hatch from the egg until ideal weather; it does not go through hypobiosis. Few eggs are produced, and eggs survive in the environment for 1–2 years.

What is the common name of Bunostomum spp.?

Ruminant hookworm

What are the phylum/class and location of Bunostomum spp.?

Phylum/class: Nemathelminthes/Nematoda. Location: small intestine.

What are the clinical signs and diagnosis of Bunostomum spp.?

Clinical signs: blood in stool, bottle jaw, pale mucous membranes, emaciation, itchy skin. Diagnosis: fecal float, strongyle-type egg, Baermann, CBC.

What is the treatment/control and zoonotic status of Bunostomum spp.?

Treatment/control: supportive care and strategic deworming; reversible if caught early. Zoonotic: yes.

What is the pathology and control of Bunostomum spp.?

Pathology: attaches to the mucosa and sucks blood. Control: supportive care and strategic deworming.

What is the life cycle of Bunostomum spp.?

Adults lay eggs in the small intestine; eggs hatch and L3 larvae are infective. L3 larvae are eaten or penetrate the skin and migrate. It does not go through hypobiosis and does overwinter.

What is the common name of Strongyloides spp. in goats?

None listed.

What are the phylum/class and location of Strongyloides spp. in goats?

Phylum/class: Nematoda. Location: small intestine.

What are the clinical signs and diagnosis of Strongyloides spp. in goats?

Clinical signs: diarrhea, weight loss, poor growth, dehydration. Diagnosis: eggs are smaller than strongyle-type eggs.

What is the treatment/control of Strongyloides spp. in goats?

Ivermectin, fenbendazole. Clean, dry housing; remove manure regularly; avoid overcrowding.

What is the pathology and control of Strongyloides spp. in goats?

Pathology: causes inflammation and damage to the intestinal lining. Control: clean, dry housing; remove manure regularly; avoid overcrowding.

What is the life cycle of Strongyloides spp. in goats?

Most are infected trans-mammarily; infection can also occur through skin penetration. Only female worms are parasitic and feed on blood. They overwinter and do not go through hypobiosis.

What is the common name of Trichuris spp.?

Ruminant whipworm

What are the phylum/class and location of Trichuris spp.?

Phylum/class: Nemathelminthes/Nematoda. Location: cecum.

What are the clinical signs and diagnosis of Trichuris spp.?

Clinical signs: diarrhea, weight loss, dehydration, anemia. Diagnosis: bi-plugged eggs.

What is the treatment/control of Trichuris spp.?

Fenbendazole, febantel. Remove feces regularly, maintain clean, dry housing, and prevent fecal contamination.

What is the pathology and control of Trichuris spp.?

Pathology: causes inflammation and damage to the intestinal mucosa, hemorrhage, and ulceration. Control: remove feces regularly, maintain clean, dry housing, and prevent fecal contamination.

What is the life cycle of Trichuris spp.?

Infection occurs by ingesting eggs. It does not go through hypobiosis and can overwinter.

What is the common name of Eimeria spp. (E. zuernii and E. bovis)?

Coccidia

What are the phylum and location of Eimeria spp. (E. zuernii and E. bovis)?

Phylum: Protozoa. Location: distal small intestine, cecum, and colon.

What are the clinical signs and diagnosis of Eimeria spp.?

Enteric form: low rates of gain, loss of appetite, tenesmus, diarrhea, watery stools with blood clots; cellular destruction predisposes animals to secondary bacterial infection. Nervous form: sudden onset, more common in cold months, high mortality and death. Diagnosis: fecal float; rule out other causes such as BVD and stress.

What is the treatment/control and zoonotic status of Eimeria spp.?

Supportive therapy; keep affected animals away from unaffected animals for 2–3 weeks; decrease stress. Common coccidiostats: amprolium (Corid), Decox, Bovatec, and Rumensin. Zoonotic: no.

What is the pathology and control of Eimeria spp.?

Pathology: damages the intestines, especially the cecum and colon, causing inflammation. Control: supportive therapy; separate affected animals from unaffected animals for 2–3 weeks; decrease stress.

What is the life cycle of Eimeria spp.?

Same as Cystoisospora; invades epithelial cells and is infective immediately when passed. PPP: 2–3 weeks.

What is the common name of Cryptosporidium spp. (C. parvum and C. andersoni)?

Crypto

What are the phylum and location of Cryptosporidium spp.?

Phylum: Protozoa. Location: small intestine, large intestine, and sometimes the abomasum.

What are the clinical signs and diagnosis of Cryptosporidium spp.?

Clinical signs: none to severe watery diarrhea; signs can appear as early as 5 days old and commonly occur at 1–2 weeks of age. Diagnosis: fecal float with Sheather's solution; IFA is the gold standard.

What is the treatment/control of Cryptosporidium spp.?

Rely on the animal's immune response; prevention/control, supportive care, electrolyte replacement, regular feces removal, avoiding overcrowding, and isolating infected animals.

What is the pathology and control of Cryptosporidium spp.?

Pathology: malabsorption and maldigestion; animals are much more susceptible to disease if they have no functional rumen and are offspring of a heifer rather than a cow. Control: prevention, supportive care, electrolyte replacement, regular feces removal, avoiding overcrowding, and isolating infected animals.

What is the life cycle of Cryptosporidium spp.?

No intermediate host. Sporozoites interfere with brush-border or GI-tract function. Immediately infective when passed. PPP: 2–14 days.

What is the common name of Giardia bovis?

Giardia

What are the phylum and location of Giardia bovis?

Phylum: Metamonada. Location: small intestine.

What are the clinical signs and diagnosis of Giardia bovis?

Clinical signs: intermittent to constant diarrhea for weeks. Diagnosis: fecal float with ZnSO4, fecal smear showing trophozoites, ELISA antigen.

What is the treatment/control of Giardia bovis?

Fenbendazole; reduce standing water.

What is the pathology and control of Giardia bovis?

Pathology: attaches to epithelial cells, decreasing the ability to absorb and digest. Control: fenbendazole and reduce standing water.

What is the life cycle of Giardia bovis?

Cysts are passed in feces and ingested by an animal; they mature in the small intestine into trophozoites. Immediately infective when passed in feces.

What is the common name of Moniezia spp. (M. expansa and M. benedeni)?

Tapeworms; M. expansa affects sheep, and M. benedeni affects cattle.

What are the phylum/class and location of Moniezia spp.?

Phylum/class: Platyhelminthes/Cestoda. Location: small intestine.

What are the clinical signs and diagnosis of Moniezia spp.?

Clinical signs: none, diarrhea, weight loss, poor growth. Diagnosis: visible in feces or fecal float.

What is the treatment/control and zoonotic status of Moniezia spp.?

Albendazole, praziquantel, pasture rotation, and avoiding overgrazing. Zoonotic: no.

What is the pathology and control of Moniezia spp.?

Pathology: irritation of the intestinal lining; heavy infections can cause enteritis. Control: pasture rotation and avoid overgrazing.

What is the life cycle of Moniezia spp.?

Proglottids pass in feces and are eaten by an oribatid mite (intermediate host); the oribatid mite is eaten by the definitive host. PPP: 5–7 weeks.