psych exam 3

when do babies sit

5-6 months

when do babies stand

7-8 months

when do babies walk

12 months

is motor development genetically programmed

not entirely

when do fine motor skills develop

between ages 2 and 5

what behavior develops between 6-9 months

separation anxiety and stranger anxiety

who’s the king of theories of attachment

harry harlow

what experiments did harry harlow do

monkey with cloth mother and wire mother, preferred cloth for comfort even though wire provided food

who else did theories of attachment

john bowlby

what did john bowlby come up with

attachment behavioral system - infant stays close to caregiver for survival, uses caregiver as secure base for exploration and comfort

what do infants develop by 8-12 months according to bowlby and ainsworth

internal working model

what is internal working model

expectation system for reliability, consistency, warmth, and effectiveness of caregiver responses

what is strange situation

a procedure for measuring attachment

what is secure attachment

uses their mother as a secure base, openly explores, shows distress if mother leaves by easily comforted by their return (50-60%)

what is insecure/resistant attachment

clingy to mother, doesn’t openly explore, shows intense distress if mother leaves and not easily comforted by return (9%)

what is insecure/avoidant attachment

ignores mother, openly explores, shows little distress if mother leaves, fails to greet mother when she returns (15%)

what is disorganized/disoriented attachment

conflicting behaviors - approach mother but also show fear towards her, dazed and disoriented, may show sudden displays of anger upon return (15%)

what parental behavior goes with secure attachment style

sensitive (warm/responsive)

what parental behavior goes with insecure/avoidant attachment style

insensitive (avoids close contact)

what parental behavior goes with insecure/resistant attachment style

inconsistent (reacts awkwardly/irregularly to child)

what parental behavior goes with disorganized/disoriented attachment style

harsh and/or abusive (emotionally unavailable)

attachment is generally universal except what

japan and korea its rare for infants to be classified as insecure/avoidant

why is it different for japan/korea

different child-rearing practices and experiences w separation

what makes up form in language

phonology, morphology, syntax

what makes up use in language

pragmatics (how/when to use language)

what makes up content in language

semantics (words/meanings)

what language milestone is between 0 and 2 months

reflexive vocalizations like crying, vegetative sounds, coughing

what language milestone is at 6 months

strings of identical syllables (mamamama)

what language milestone is between 10 and 12 months

jargon (speech sounds/syllables uttered w different intonational patterns/stresses)

what is a phoneme

smallest meaningul unity in a language

what to know about young infants and phonemes

they can distinguish among nearly all sounds in the world’s languages

what happens over time w phonemes

infants gradually lose ability to distinguish phonemes in their native languages over the first year as well as in foreign languages

when is first word

13 months

when is vocab spurt

19 months

when do infants produce simple sentences

24 months

what are the three language errors

overextension, underextension, overregulation

what is overextension

extend the adult meaning of a word too far (every animal is a dog)

what is underextension

using a word in more limited context than adult meaning (only family dog is a dog)

what is overregulation

grammatical rules are generalized to irregular cases where they do not apply

what is stage 1 of personality development in erikson’s stage theory

first years - trust vs mistrust, is my world predictable/supportive

what is stage 2 of personality development in erikson’s stage theory

second years - autonomy vs shame and doubt

what is stage 3 of personality development in erikson’s stage theory

fourth-sixth years - initiative vs guilt

what is stage 4 of personality development in erikson’s stage theory

age six-puberty - industry vs inferiority, am i competent or worthless

what are the basic emotions recognizeed by 12-18 months

happiness, sadness, anger, disgust, fear, surprise

where is sense of self between 2 and 4 months

understanding ability to control objects around them

where is sense of self at 8 months

recognizing that they are separate from others (separation anxiety)

where is sense of self between 18 and 20 months

self recognition

what are self concious emotions realized by 24 months

shame, guilt, embarassment, pride, empathy

emotional knowledge across cultures

culture plays a role in encouragement of expressing or suppressing emotions

theory of mind

using mental states (desires and beliefs) to explain the behaviors of oneself and others

when is theory of mind developed

3-5 years (begin to successfully pass false-belief tests, recognizing that other people have different desires and beliefs than them)

cortical surface grey matter development

cortex thins generally, regions governing sensory and motor skills thin to the adult level by ages 5-8, parietal and temporal regions thin to the adult level between 6-11, frontal lobe thins to the adult level very gradually

prefrontal cortex

fastest growing area in early childhood, executive functions (deliberate, concious strategies used in goal attainment, decision making, problem solving)

what are early childhood executive functions

working memory, inhibition, shifting

what does go no go task measure

inhibition

what is stage 1 of piaget’s stage theory

sensorimotor period - coordination of sensory input and motor responses; development of object performance, cognitive equillibrium

what is stage 2 of piaget’s stage theory

2-7 years - preoperational period - development of symbiotic thought marked by irreversibility, centration, and egocentrism

what is stage 3 of piaget’s stage theory

7 - 11 years - concrete operational period.- mental operations applied to concrete events, mastery of conservation, hierachical classification

what is stage 4 of piaget’s stage theory

11 - adulthood - formal operational period - mental operation applied to absract ideas, logical systematic thinking

what is adaptation

cognitive equillibrium occurs by changing schemes through repetetive interaction w the environment and occurs through assimilation (existing schmes) and accomodation (modified schemes)

what characterizes advancements during preoperational period

symbolic representation - understanding that one object or action can stand for another

what are preoperational limitations

lack of reversible mental operations, defined by centration (tendency to focus on only one salient aspect of dimension) and focuses on appearance rather than reality

what are concrete operations

systematic mental rules or procedures that are reversible (reversibility, seriation, transitive interference, abstract thinking)

what is neuron specialization

they become dedicated to performing particular tasks and gradually lose plasticity

what is neuron integration

the process by which brain areas communicate with each other

what happens to white matter

increases throughout childhood and adolescence, faster growth in areas where gray matter is thinning

what are teh two major periods of PFC development

preschool years (increase in synaptic connections) and adolescence (increase in synapses in early adolescence followed by pruning)

why are teenagers like that

PFC is the last area to fully mature - elevated sensitivity to reward, greater susceptibility to peer influence

what is stage 5 of erikson’s development stages

adolesence - identity vs confusion

what does engaging in social comparison do

informs self-esteem

what is personal fable

tendency to feel like their emotions are experiences are unique

what is imaginary audience

egocentrism causes many adolescents to be preoccupied with what others think of them

what are multiple selves

self-beliefs may vary with context

what happens during middle adolecence

multiple selves and they begin to agonize over the contradictions in their behavior and characteristics

what happens late adolescence and early adulthood

self concept becomes more integrated and less determined by what others think (depends on cognitive capacity and social support)

what is stage 1 of erikson stages of adulthood

early adulthood - intimacy vs isolation

what is stage 2 of erikson stages of adulthood

middle adulthood - generativity vs self-absorption, will i produce something of real value

what is stage 3 of erikson stages of adulthood

late adulthood - integrity vs despair, have i lived a full life

what defines early adulthood

cognitive peaks/development, role/familal changes

what defines middle age

socioeconomic changes

what defines later adulthood

physical changes

what happens to neurons as you age

general decline in weight and brain tissue, less inactive neurons, active neuron shrinking, dendrite breakdown

what happens to general mental ability

remains fairly stable - small declines in IQ and mental speed, sematic knowledge is retained better than episodic

where does alzheimers begin

hippocampus (dysfunction seen in working memory, executive function)

person perception

forming impressions of others

attribution processes

explaining behaviors

interpersonal attraction

liking and loving

halo effect

attractive people are assumed to be friendlier, warmer, better adjusted, more competent

social categorization

perception of other and same race faces

own race effect in 3 month olds

they could discriminate between different faces regardless of race

own race effect in 9 month olds

could only discriminate between same race faces

stereotype

a belief that associates a group of people with certain characteristics (positive or negative, any group)

prejudice

feelings towards people based on their membership to certain groups

discrimination

any behavior directed against a person because of their membership to a particular group

confirmation biases

ambiguous information is interpreted to be consistent with stereotype, information can be distorted to fit a stereotype, information that matches stereotype is remembered better

illustory correlation

when people overestimate the amount of confirming evidence they have encountered (can influence memory processes)

stereotype threat

fear that you may confirm a stereotype about your own group

usual outcome of stereotype threat

mental energy spent attending to that leads to less attention given to task, end up confirming stereotype

causes of prejudice

social categorization, attributional biases (consistency motivation), competition

in group bias

especially positive feelings and special treatment for in-group members and negative feelings/unfair treatment for out-group members