Exam 2 Prep UPDATE

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Endrocine Glands

release hormones within the body

Exocrine Glands

use ducts to secrete fluids such as tears and sweat outside the body

Hormones

Chemicals secreted by cells in one part of the body that travel through the bloodstream to act on targets in other parts of the body

Forms of chemical communication

Endocrine, synaptic, autocrine, paracrine

Endocrine chemical communication

a hormone is released into the bloodstream to act on target tissues

synaptic (neurocrine) chemical communication

chemical release and diffusion across a synapse

autrocrine chemical communicaiton

released chemical acts on the releasing

Paracrine checmimal communicaiton

the released chemical diffuses to nearby target cells

pheromone

hormones used to communicate between individuals of the same species by being released into the environment

allomone communication

chemicals released by one species to affect the behavior of another species

general pricniples of hormone action

-they act in a gradual fashion

-act by changing the probability or intensity of a behavior

-the relationship between hormones and behaviors is reciprocal

-some hormones affect more than one target

neuroendocrine cells

neurons that release hormones into the blood

neuropeptides

peptides used by hormones that can act as neuromodulators and alter sensitivity to transmitters

neuromodulators

can modify the reactivity of cells to specific transmitters— they act more slowly than neurotransmitter longer lasting effects

chemical structure of hromones

peptide, amine, steroid

peptide

a short string of amino acids

amine

modified amino acid (monoamine hormone)

steroid

four rings of carbon atoms (derives of cholesterol)

Hormones have a variety of __

Cellular actions

hormones of two main modes of action:

-protein and amine hormones bind to receptors on the cell surface, causing a second messenger to bring about changes in cellular function

-Steroid hormones pass through the cell membrane and bind to receptors inside the cell

Protein and amine hormones act ___

Rapidly

When protein and amine hormines bind to the extracellular part of a recptor, the receptor ___

changes shape

When a receptor changes shape, the intracellular part then activates ___

a second messenger

Second messengers

cyclic adenosine monophosphate, cyclic guanosine monophosphate, and inositol triphosphate

hormones are regulated by ___

feedback systems

negative feedback

output feeds back and inhibits further secretion

autrocrine feedback loop

endocrine cells release a hormone whose presence feeds back on the endocrine cell to inhibit further secretion

target cell feedback

hormone acts on its target cells, the biological effect is distracted by the endocrine gland, and further release is inhibited

brain regulation involves

the hypothalamus which can direct hormone release from endocrine glands

the brain can detect

hormonal effects and exerts negative feedback on the hypothalamus

What releases tropic hormones that affect other endocrine glands?

the anterior pituitary gland

what uses releasing hormones to regulate the pituitary release of tropic hormones?

the hypothalamus

negative feedback goes to both ___ and ___

the pituitary and the hypothalamus

Hypothalamus →

releasing hormone

Pituitary →

tropic hormone

the hypothalamic neuroendocrine cells that synthesize releasing hormones are influenced by

circulating messages

examples of circulating messages include

other hormones, blood sugar, immune system products, and snypatic inputs from other brain areas

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

controls production and release of adrenal cortex steroid hormones

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

Increases thyroid hormone release

Gonadotropin influences the ___

gonads

follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

stimulates egg-containing follicles in ovaries or sperm production in males

luteinizing hormone (LH)

stimulates follicles to form the corpora lutea in overaies in testosterone production by the testes

prolactin stimulates ___

lactation in females

growth hormone (GH)

somatotropin

Somatotropin (growth hormone)

Influences growth mostly during sleep

adrenal glands are located:

on top of each kidney

adrenal medulla

releases the anime hormones enpinephrine and norepinephrine

amine hormones (enipephrine and norepinephrine) are controlled by

the sympathetic nervous system

adrenal cortex scretes

steroid hormones (adrenocoticoids)

glucorticoids are

a subgroup involved with glucose metabolism

Cortisol is

a glucocorticoid stress hormone that increases blood glucose and breaks down protein

mineralcorticoids

affect ion concentrations in tissues

aldosterone acts on

the kidneys to retain sodium

sex steroids

adrostenedione

adrostenedione (sex hormones) contribute to

adult pattern of body hair in men and women

ACTH

promotes steroid synthesis in the adrenal gland

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) is secreted by

the pituitary

TSH causes the thyroid gland to

produce thyroid hormones (thyroxine (tetraiodothyronine and triodothyronine)

thyroxine (tetraiodothyronine) and triiodothyronine

thyroid hormones

the thyroid gland produces

calcitonin

calcitonin promotes ___

calcium deposition in bones

thyroid hormones contain

iodine

goiter

swelling of the thyroid gland resulting in iodine deficiency

early thryoid deficiency can result in

cretinism or congential hypothyroidism accompanied by intellectual disability

pineal gland secretes an …

amine hormone, melatonin, almost exclusively at night

melatonin provides …

a signal that tracks day length and the seasons and plays a role in biological rhythms

the pineal gland…

is innervated by the sympathetic nervous system

gonads

ovaries and testes

ovaries and testes

produce sex steroids

the hypothalamus controls

gonadal hormone production by releasing gonadotropic releasing hormones

GNRH

Gonadaotropin releasing hormones

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GNRH) stimulates

the anterior pituiatry to release FSH or LH

GNRH neurons are stimulated by a hypothalamic peptide kisspeptin involved in

the onset of puberty

the hypothalamus also uses gonadotropic inhibiting hormone to

inhibit gonadotropic secretion

testes produce and secrete

testosterone

testosterone is regulated by ____

Luteinizing hormones (LH)

LH is regulated by

gonadotropin releasing hormone

sperm production is regulated by

FSH

ovaries produce hormones in…

cycles

ovarian hormone release is controlled by

LH (luteinizing hormone) and FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone)

Luteinizing hormones (LH) and Follicle Stimulating Hormones ( FSH) are controlled by

Gonadotropin releasing horbmone (GNRH)

lack of Gonadotropin releasing horbmone (GNRH) prevents release of

Luteinizing hormones (LH) and Follicle Stimulating Hormones (FSH)

hormones affect behavior in

many different ways

oxytocin is released

during nursing and orgasm promoting pair bonds

psychosocial dwarfism

growth failure due to stress and neglect in early childhood mediated through the CNS and its control over endocrine functions

Growth impairments appear to be mediated by

changes in cortisol, GH and somatomedin

hormone and neural systems interact to produce

integrated responses

communication signs can be

neural to neural, neural to endocrine, endocrine to endocrine, endocrine to neural

homeostasis

maintenance of a relatively stable balanced internal environment

motivation

psychological process that induces or sustains a particular behavior

mismatch between actual internal state and regulated state produces

a drive to restore balance

Hypothalamus

the governing part of MOST of homeostasis

theromoregulation

regulation of body temperature around set value

ectotherms

get most of their heat from the environment; regulate body temperature by behavior

endotherms

produce thier own heat by metabolic processes

negative feedback

constant monitoring of systems that are going on to know whether to kick on the furnace or air conditioner

redundancy

no one system is completely responsible for all homeostatic functions

behavioral homeostasis

we do things to maintain homeostasis

allostasis

being out of homeostasis is stressful therefore you are doing something to bring yourself back to homeostasis.

homeostatic mechanisms are primarily

negative feedback systems