biology 1115 midterm

biology

the scientific study of life

macroscopic

objects, structures, or organisms big enough to see with the naked eye

microscopic

objects, structures, or organisms extremely small and can only be seen through a microscope

phloem cell

transports water and sugars and other organic compounds made during photosynthesis from the leaves to the rest of the plant

xylem cells

transports water and inorganic nutrients upwards from roots to rest of the plant

sexual reproduction

two cells from different individuals combine to form a new organism

leads to genetic variation in the organism

asexual reproduction

all or part of the organism is used to make a new identical organism from the parent cell

order

1st characteristic of life - everything has a place and order in nature

stimulus

anything that causes a reaction from an organism

all living things react to stimuli

autotrophs

organisms that produce their energy using processes like photosynthesis

happens in chloroplasts → chlorophyll absorbs light

makes glucose

heterotrophs

organisms that obtain their energy from the consumption of another organism

anabolism

the process that makes complex molecules from simpler units

ie. photosynthesis, protein synthesis

catabolism

the process that makes simpler units from complex molecules

ie. glycolysis

metabolism

total of all chemical reactions in the body's cells

the sum of anabolism and catabolism of the organism

photosynthesis formula

6 H20 + CO2 → C6H12O6 (glucose) + 6 O2

cellular respiration formula

C6H12O6 (glucose) + 6 O2 → 6 H2O + CO2

photosynthesis happens in

chloroplasts which absorbs light

cellular respiration happens in

mitochondria

8 properties of life in order

order

reproduction

respond to the environment

energy processing

growth development and aging

organisms must adapt to the environment via natural selection

all life has DNA

living things need water

levels of biological organization

chemical - atoms

cellular - organelles

ecological - organism → ecosystem

chemical organization

atoms → molecules → macromolecules

macromolecules

big molecules

4 diff types:

carbohydrates (sugars)

lipids (fats)

proteins

nucleic acids

cellular heirarchy

organelles → cells → tissues → organs → organ systems → organism

tissues

a group of cells with a similar function and structure

4 types: epithelial, muscular, connective, nervous,

organs

group of tissues with similar function and structure

population

group of organisms of the same species that live in a specific area

community

multiple populations of different organisms living together in an area

ecosystem

includes biotic and abiotic components along side the community of diff organisms

prokaryotic

simple single celled organism that has non membrane bound organelles

ONLY HAS DNA AND RIBOSOMES

includes bacteria and archaea

eukaryotic

single or multicellular, has membrane bound organelles, DNA-containing nucleus

includes animal and plants

bacteria

prokaryotic cells found in typical environments

causes diseases to humans

archaea

prokaryotic cells found in extreme environments

ie. arctic, hot springs,

does NOT cause disease to humans

all cells use

DNA as their genetic information

ecological heirarchy

organism → population → community → ecosystem

taxonomy

studies groups of organisms into domains(ranks) → bacteria, archae, eukarya

domain eukarya

kingdom plantae, kingdom animalia, kingdom fungi, protists

protists

classified as a group

microscopic cells

some causes disease to humans

found near/in H2O

taxonomic classification

Domain(broad) - Dear

Kingdom - King

Phylum - Philip

Class - Came

Order - Over

Family - For

Genus - Good

Species(specific) - Spaghetti

continuity of life

based of heritable information passed down between generations in the form of DNA - by genes

genes

units of inheritance that transports information from parents to offspring

Charles Darwin

father of evolution that produced the theory of natural selection (survival of the fittest) and adaptation

qualitative data

descriptive rather than measurements

quantitative data

recorded measurements (numbers)

tables and graphs

inductive reasoning

draws specific observations and conclusions over an extended period of time

deductive reasoning

involved proposing and testing of a hypothesis

must be testable and falsifiable

element

substance that cannot be broken down to other substances by chemical reactions

trace elements

tiny amounts of minerals in body to keep you healthy

I, Fe, F, Zn, Mn

Iodine in body

helps with the thyroid → endocrine glands produce hormones

compound

substance consisting of 2 or more different elements in a fixed ratio

atomic number

number of protons in its nucleus

mass number

sum of protons plus neutrons

atomic mass

atom’s total mass

isotopes

atoms of an element that differ in the number of neutrons

carbon 14

most radioactive isotope of carbon - used to date archaeological organisms/objects

carbon isotropes

C12 - most stable

C14

C16

covalent bond

sharing of a pair of valence electrons by two atoms

nonpolar covalent bond

sharing of electrons is equal

polar covalent bond

unequal sharing of electrons

one atom is more electronegative

electronegativity

atoms attraction for the electrons in a covalent bond

more electronegative an atom, shared electrons is closer to it

hydrogen bond

forms when a slightly positive end of one polar molecule attracts the negative end of another polar molecule ie. H2O

chemical reactions

making and breaking of chemical bonds

photosynthesis

sunlight powers the conversion of carbon dioxide and water to glucose and oxygen

cohesion

water sticking to water

adhesion

the attraction between water molecules and molecules of different, charged or polar surfaces

adhesion and cohesion transport

water against gravity

surface tension

measure of how hard it is to break a surface of a liquid

ice float in water

less dense than water due to hydrogen bonding

hydrophilic

describes a substance or molecule that is strongly attracted to water and other polar solvents

hydrophobic

describing substances or surfaces that do not mix, dissolve, or wet well with water

oil molecule hydrophobic

because it is nonpolar compared to water

hydration sphere

an ionic compound is dissolved in water, each ion is surrounded by a sphere of water molecules

colloid

stable suspension of fine particles in a liquid

ie cotton

cellulose of cotton adheres to water but does not dissolve in water

acid

substance that releases H+ conc of a solution

[H+] > [OH–]

base

substance that reduces the H+ conc of a solution

[H+] < [OH–]

neutral

[H+] = [OH–]

carbonic acid

buffer that contributes to pH stability in blood

Acid precipitation

refers to rain, snow, or fog with a pH lower than 5.6

human activity causes it

caused mainly by the mixing of different pollutants with water in the air and can fall at some distance from the source of pollutants Acid precipitation can damage both living and non-living things

hydrocarbons

are organic molecules consisting of only carbon and hydrogen Many organic molecules, such as fats, have hydrocarbon components can undergo reactions that release a large amount of energy

isomers

are compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures and properties:

• Structural isomers have different covalent arrangements of their atoms

• Geometric isomers have the same covalent arrangements but differ in spatial arrangements

• Enantiomers are isomers that are mirror images of each other

polymer

is a long molecule consisting of many similar building blocks monomers

polymers in body

carbohydrate, lipid, nucleic acid, proteins

dehydration synthesis

removes water molecule, forms a new bond

synthesizes a polymer

hydrolysis

adds a water molecule, breaks a bond

monosaccharides

simple sugars(carbohydrates)

glucose most common

disaccharides

a type of simple sugar made when two single sugars (monosaccharides) join together

polysaccharides

carbohydrate macromolecules

has many sugar building blocks - large

storage of: starch (in plants) and glycogen (animal cells)

structural: cellulose, chitin in plants

disaccharide formed when

dehydration reaction joins two monosaccharides

polymers with alpha glucose

helical structure

polymer with beta glucose

straight structure

cellulose

major component of tough cell wall of plant cells

chitin

a tough, natural polysaccharide (a large carbohydrate made of sugar molecules) that provides structural support and protection in the cell walls of fungi and the exoskeletons of arthropod

used to make strong and flexible surgical thread

fats constructed from

glycerol (hydroxyl group) and fatty acids (carboxyl group)

saturated fatty acid

solid

most animal fats

straight molecule structure

no double bonds max possible num

unsaturated fat

liquid

usually from plants or fish

has a one or more cis double bond in the chain structure

has a kink in the structure

hydrogenation

can convert a unsaturated fat into a straight “trans” form

makes trans fats

exposure to prolonged heat can create trans fats by loosening double bonds

adipocyte

storage of fats for energy storage

adipose connective tissue

fatty tissue that cushion vital organs and insulates body

phospholipid

two fatty acid and phosphate group attached to glycerol

fatty acid tails hydrophobic

fatty acid head hydrophilic

major component of cell membranes

cholesterol

important steroid in animal cell membranes

hormones are steroids produced from cholesterol

high levels may contribute to cardiovascular disease

rna

involved in protein synthesis

• Sugar = ribose

• Nitrogenous bases = C, G, A, U Nucleotide monomer

single-stranded