Unit 2 preAPUSH

Proclamation of 1763 and its effect

What: Issued by King George III after the French and Indian war, said that the colonists could not settle west of the Appalachian Mountains (Native American soil), made the colonists enraged because in their charter it said that they could live there

Effect: Grants the Native Americans land, The British government passed the Sugar Acts in order to tax the colonies to pay for the war, one of the main causes of the Revolutionary war

Terms of rebellion: Mercantilism

 If one nation hoped to grow richer, it had to do so at the expense of some other nation (navigation acts)

Terms of rebellion: Salutary neglect

Avoiding strict enforcement of laws, hoping to keep the American colonies happy. The British government ended this policy to pay for the French and Indian war (Sugar Act and Stamp Act)

The ending of this policy resulted in “No taxation without representation”

Terms of rebellion: Writs of assistance

Court orders to conduct general (non-specific) searches for contraband. What and where did not have to be included in writ (Townshend Acts)

What was the response to Britain’s policy of Virtual representation?

The Albany Plan of Union which was a plan to place the British North American colonies under a more centralized government, yet it was never carried out.

1. First important proposal to conceive of the colonies as a collective whole united under one government

2. Benjamin Franklin illustrates the “Join or Die” cartoon which originally

Causes of the revolution (in order)

1. Stamp act

2. Townshend Acts

3. Boston Massacre

4. Tea Act

5. Boston Tea Party

6. Intolerable Acts

7. Lexington and Concord

8. Bunker hill

9. Olive Branch Petition

Stamp Act- March 1765 (Direct tax) #1

What: Colonists had to purchase special stamped paper for every legal document, license, newspaper, pamphlet, playing cards & sermons. A direct tax meaning that its added to the product.

Effects:

1. Samuel Adams formed the Sons of Liberty to refuse the Stamp Act & harass government officials

2. Lawyer Patrick Henry preached that Parliament had no right to enforce this tax because the colonists had no say in the decision

3. Major businesses chose to boycott British goods until the Stamp Act was repealed in March 1766

4. To assert authority British Parliament issued the Declaratory Act which gave Parliament the right to make laws “to bind the colonies and people of America…in all cases whatsoever.”

How are the Stamp Act and Townshend Acts related

The Stamp Act showed Britain that direct taxes caused major resistance, so Britain later imposed import duties through the Townshend Acts. Colonists still objected because they believed Parliament had no right to tax them without representation.

Townshend Acts - 1767 (Indirect tax) #2

What: Taxes on imported goods from Britain that came into the colonies – gas, lead, paint, paper and tea.

Effect:

1. Colonists were outraged and cried “ no taxation without representation.”

2. A second boycotting of British goods began and women helped the cause by refusing to purchase British clothing and tea

3. In June 1768 British troops seized the ship of a local merchant, John Hancock. Riots began and Britain stationed 2,000 British soldiers in Boston. (leading to the Massacre)

4. Parliament repealed the Townshend Acts but keeps a sole tax on tea (leading to Boston Tea party)

How are the Townshend Acts and Boston Massacre related

The Townshend Acts caused protests and boycotts from the colonists. Britain sent troops to Boston to enforce the taxes, increasing tensions until a confrontation in 1770 led soldiers to kill five colonists.

Taxes → protests → troops → Massacre

Boston Massacre (1770) #3

What: Colonists were angry about British taxes, including the Townshend Acts. Tensions grew between Boston residents and British soldiers stationed in the city. A confrontation broke out between a crowd and British soldiers. The soldiers fired into the crowd, killing five colonists.

Effects: Patriot leaders publicized the event to build opposition to British rule. Paul Revere created a famous engraving portraying the soldiers as aggressors, helping turn the event into a symbol of British oppression.

Where was the heart of the rebellion

Massachusetts, but specifically Boston

1. Stamp act riots

2. The Boston Massacre

3. The Boston tea party

How are the Boston Massacre and Tea Act related

Both increased colonial resentment toward Britain. The Boston Massacre intensified anti-British sentiment, while the Tea Act renewed protests against British taxation and led to the Boston Tea Party.

Tea Act (1773) #4

What: placed on the colonies which allowed the colonies to not have to pay a tax on tea if it was bought from the British East India Company

Effect:

1. Put the colonists’ tea traders out of business

2. Led to the Boston Tea Party (directly related)

Boston Tea Party (December 15th, 1773) #5

What: A group of Boston rebels disguised themselves as Native Americans and dumped 18,000 pounds, or 342 chests, of the East India Company’s tea into the Boston Harbor

Effect:

1. The direct effect was the passing of the Intolerable acts which were harsh laws directed towards Massachusetts

2. Colonies united because they started to support MA in fear that Britian would punish them too

3. First continental congress met

4. More tension towards the Revolution

5. Boston Tea Party → Intolerable Acts → First Continental Congress → Lexington and Concord → Revolutionary War

Intolerable Acts (1774) #6

What: Due to the Boston Massacre and Boston Tea Party, King George III forced Parliament to come up with consequences for the 13 colonies, which were compiled into the Intolerable Acts (Coercive Acts)

Boston Port Act: Closed the Port at Boston Harbor until the tea was paid for

Quartering Act: forced the citizens of Massachusetts to house and feed British soldiers in their homes

Massachusetts Government Act: Suspended the MA Colonial Legislature until the tea was paid for

Martial Law: Civilian law is replaced by military law

Effect:

1. First continental congress is held, ready to boycott British goods

2. Colonists began preparing more seriously to defend themselves

3. Tensions rose even more before Lexington and Concord began the revolutionary war

Boston Tea Party → Intolerable Acts → First Continental Congress → Lexington and Concord → Revolutionary War

First Continental Congress (1774) #7

What: Delegates from each of the 13 colonies except for Georgia met in Philiadelphia as the first continental Congress to organize colonial resitance to Parliament’’s Intolerable Acts

Declaration of Rights- affirming loyalty to crown but disputing the British Parliament’s right to tax it

Articles of Association- stop importing goods from Brtiain and if the Intolerable acts weren’t repealed, they would stop exporting

Effect:

1. Colonists organized a boycott of British goods, united against British policies, petitioned the king, and agreed to meet again if their grievances were not addressed.

2. The First Continental Congress tried to pressure Britain to change its policies; it did not declare independence or start the war

Lexington and Concord (1775) #8

What: Bostonians stole weapons and gunpowder (illegal at the time) and stored them in Concord, MA in order to prepare for a seemingly unavoidable conflict with the British military. Paul Revere warned that the British were coming, as they were after Samuel Adams and John Hancock (rebel leaders) who escaped. First conflict of the revolutionary war.

• Lexington was like the speedbump for Concord, it was meant to slow down the troops headed there

Lexington- speed bump, small, unorganized

Concord- organized, guerilla warfare, British go back to Boston Harbor

Effects:

1. Started the revolutionary war

2. Colonial militia organized

3. Colonists gained confidence

4. Second Continental Congress

Second Continental Congress (1775) #9

What: As promised, it was a meeting of the “best brains of the land” to seek acknowledgment and solutions for their concerns, though it also formed the “Continental Army” and appointed George Washington (suggestion of John Adams) as the commander (elected unanimously)

Why Washington? The continental army so far was a purley New England army, and it was felt a commander from the south (Virginia) must be chosen for sympathy from those colonies. Washington also had a great military rep, staunch character, marveleous self-control, sound judgement

Effects: Organizes and leads the war effort, and the news of Bunker hill does not change the political position of the delegates here, they still wanted to keep trying for peace

Battle of Bunker Hill (1775) #11

What: A battle fought near Boston, British troops attacked colonial forces on Breed’s hill. The colonists repelled the first 2 attacks, yet before the third, they had run out of ammo. The British win yet they lost more supplies and soldiers than the colonists did.

Effect:

1. Showed that the colonists could stand up to the powerful British army

2. Second continental congress still believed peace was acheivable, even sent Richard Penn (loyal to king) to deliver a new petition to the king (Olive Branch Petition)

Olive Branch Petition (July 8, 1775) #12

What: A petition drafted by John Dickinson adopted by the Second Continental Congress that was an attempt to assert the rights of the colonists while maintaining their loyalty to the British crown. They basically said:

• we are loyal subjects to you and important people were chosen to write this

• we helped win the F&I war, yet British officials abuse us

• we want the relationship we had before the war

• repeal the acts and laws so things can be restored

Effect:

1. King George III rejects it, refusing to negotiate

2. King George III declares the colonies are in a state of rebellion

3. The colonists realize they can either give up or go to war

Influences on the founding fathers

Ancient Greece- Inspired American democracy and the idea of independent states

Ancient Rome- Inspired a republic, written laws, and political rights

English Common Law- Influenced fair trials, due process, and laws applying to everyone

Magna Carta- Limited the king’s power to tax and imprison people without legal protections

Parliament- Inspired representative government, where elected representatives help make decisions

Montesquieu- Inspired separation of powers and checks and balances among three branches of government

John Locke- Inspired natural rights—life, liberty, and property—and the right to overthrow an unjust government

Committee of Five

The five men who were chosen to draft the Declaration of Independence:

Author: Thomas Jefferson (VA, Southern for a reason)

Editors: John Adams (MA), Benjamin Franklin (PA), Robert Livingston (NY), Roger Sherman (CT)

Declaration of Independence

What: document written mainly by Thomas Jefferson that officially declared the American colonies independent from Great Britain

Effect:

1. explained natural rights

2. explained why the colonists believed they had the right to break away from an unjust government

3. continued the Revolutionary War

4. ideas about equality and natural rights influenced later democratic and independence movements

5. people have natural rights and if the government isn’t protecting those rights, people have the right to alter it.

Loyalist

A colonist who wanted to remian part of, or be loyal to, the British Empire

Patriot

A colonist who wanted independence from the British Empire

Armies of the Revolution- British strengths and weaknesses

Strengths:

• much more people

• more money and supplies

• best navy in the world

• best reputation (professional)

Weaknesses:

• fighting overseas, distance from home

• military generals treat soldiers poorly

• many politicians feel bad for colonists, not supporting war

• victory at ALL costs, lots of pressure

Armies of the Revolution- Colonial strengths and weaknesses

Strengths:

• great leader (George Washington)

• brilliant men in government

• fighting on home land

• guerilla warfare

• inspired to fight, wanted independence (moral advantage)

Weaknesses:

• troops weren’t trained well

• did not have enough supplies

• inferior navy to British'

• newly established congress (gov. is weak)

• not enough money to fund war

Battles of Trenton & Princeton (December 1776)

Background: By the winter of 1776, the British had occupied New York, New Jersey, and Rhode Island

What: On December 25th, Washington crossed the Delaware river wirth his troops and defeated the Hessians (Germans fighting for the British) as they surrendered after fierece fighting and the loss of their commander. Washington also goes back on January 2nd, winning again. Lastly, Washington pushes onto Princeton and defeats the Brtitish there.

Challenges: Washington is losing at first (gentlemans warfare is hard and enlistments are coming to an end), soldiers don’t have lots of supplies (no shoes)

Effect: Gave the continental army energy, confidence, shocks the British, now the world is involved (Louis VII starts paying attention), encourages soldiers to keep fighting

Battle of Saratoga (1777) (Turning point of the revolutionary war)

What: A battle fought in New York where the colonists were led by Benedict Arnold (committed treason after), and the British were led by Burgoyne, and it was a huge win for the colonists because it convinced the French to pledge their allegiance to the U.S (officially an ally, greater chance of winning)

Effect:

1. The French provided troops, weapons, money, and naval support

2. Convinced France that America had a real chance of winning against Britain

3. Gave the continental army confidence to keep fighting

The War Moves South: King’s Mountain and Cowpens

King’s Mountain (1780): The annihilation of loyalist militia on the South Carolina frontier forced the British to revise their Southern strategy and demonstrated that their overextended forces could be defeated in detail

Cowpens (1781): This sudden defeat of a substantial British force in South Carolina stopped the British offensive momentum in the South and renewed the spirits of American forces, initiating the campaign that brought the war to an end

Valley forge & Smallpox

What: The catastrophic winter at Valley Forge was where Washington’s troops camped and suffered

Conditions: No resources (shoes), no clothing, had to hold the army together, smallpox takes over, spread through British prison ships

Smallpox:

• 4 in 10 victims live

• Shaped strategies and influenced battles

• Killed thousands of people

• Washington decides to inoculate his troops, and it works

Battle of Yorktown (October 1781)

What: A French-American seige that ended in the surrender of a substantial British army

General Cornwallis surrendered to General Washington, can’t even come to the surrender ceremony because of his embarassment

Effect: Led to the end of British military operations in America, the beginning of the end, secured independence,

Financing the war

1. Congress ran out of hard currency (gold and silver) and had to sell bonds (IOVs) to American businessmen and foreign countries, especially France

2. Congress printed paper money which led to inflation

3. Colonists had to smuggle in goods from Europe, around the British blockade

4. Other colonists did profiteering

Civilians at War

Women:

1. Managed farms, shops, and businesses while keeping up with household duties

2. Volunteer sewing groups formed and many melted household silver to form ammunition

3. Some followed men into the battlefields (some even took up arms)

African Americans:

1. Thousands escaped to freedom (slave owner isn’t home)

2. 5,000 served in the continental army

Native Americans:

1. Fought on both sides of the war, majority remained neutral

Treaty of Paris (1783)

What: Signed by British and American representatives, the Treaty of Paris formally ended the American Revolution and recognized the United States as an independent nation. This is considered to be the greatest triumph in the history of American diplomacy.

Four countries involved with negotiations:

1. United States

2. Great Britain

3. France

4. Spain

Three Negotiators for the United States:

1. John Adams

2. Benjamin Franklin

3. John Jay

Provisions of the Treaty of Paris

1. U.S is independent!

2. British with withdraw troops located in frontier forts (Great Lakes)

3. U.S territory boundaries will extend from the Atlantic Ocean to the Missisipi River, and from the Great Lakes to Florida

4. Fishing rights will be granted to U.S fishermen off the Canadian coast and the Missisipi River

5. Loyalist property lost in the war will be restored

6. Lawfully contracted debts are to be paid to creditors on either side

7. Exchange prisoners of war

Impact of the Treaty of Paris

Egalitarianism- Belief in the equality of all people. Idea became popular but was not succesful, only white men were given political and equal rights

Women- Were not given legal or political rights

African Americans- Slavery continues, those who were freed faced discrimination and had no political rights

Native Americans- Continued to be forced off their land by settlers, had no polical or legal rights

Loyalists- Many left and moved to Great Britain or Canada

New U.S boundary after the Treaty of Paris

The new nation's borders stretched from the Atlantic Ocean to the Mississippi River, and from the Great Lakes down to Spanish Florida, effectively doubling the size of the former colonies. 

What were the causes and effects of the American Revolution?

Causes: Proclamation of 1763, Stamp Act (1765), Townshend Acts (1767), Boston Massacre (1770), Boston Tea Party (1773), Intolerable Acts (1774), Enlightenment ideas (right to overthrow an unjust government)

Effects: Declaration of Independence (1776), American victory, Treaty of Paris (1783), Creation of a new government, Spread of democratic ideas, Slavery continued, Native Americans lost land

How did British attempts to exert control over the colonies lead to violent, organized, succesful resilience?

1. British control- taxes and laws without representation

2. Colonial resistance- colonists protested, boycotted, etc.

3. Violent resistance- boston masscre and first battles at lexington & concord

4. Organized resistance- first & second continental congress (organized continental army)

5. Sucessful resistance- Declaration of Independence, Saratoga helped France become an ally, Treaty of Paris

How is the belief in republican self-government seen in the Declaration of Independence?

It states that government gets its power from the consent of the governed (the people), people have natural rights, and the right to overthrow a government

Describe the negotiations that led to the Treaty of Paris, and what were the significance of the treaty’s provisions?

Negotiations- surrender at Yorktown, American negotiators included Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, and John Jay,

Significance of treaty’s provisions- the U.S becomes an independent nation, U.S boundaries extended to Missisipi river, economic opportunities from being able to fish

What impact did the Revolutionary War have on the lives of colonists?

Political- gained independnce

Economic- debt and hardship for families

Social- ideas of liberty and equality spread

Women- some pushed for greater rights, worked on farms, etc.

Enslaved- some gained freedom, but slavery continued

Native Americans- many lost land with the expansion westward

CLAIM: Regional culture grew weaker as the regions united against Britain from 1763 to 1783

1. Join or die: It introduced the idea that the colonies would be stronger working together than separately

2. Boston Tea Party: their resistance inspired support and solidarity among colonists in different regions

3. Declaration of Independence: It showed that the colonies were beginning to see themselves as one independent nation rather than separate British colonies

CLAIM: The power in the 13 colonies shifted from the British monarchy to a new democracy (Politics and power)

1. Intolerable Acts (1774)- British attempts to increase control pushed colonists to demand more power to govern themselves

2. Olive Branch Petition (1775)- The rejection weakened hopes of reconciliation and pushed more colonists toward independence and self-government.

3. Declaration of Independence (1776)- Political authority was no longer supposed to come from the British king; it would come from the people

CLAIM: Social structures expanded due to the newly adapted views towards equal rights

1. Intolerable Acts (1774)- This encouraged colonists to challenge the existing power structure

2. Olive Branch Petition (1775)- Colonists increasingly believed they should have a say in how they were governed, they wanted to be equal representation

3. Treaty of Paris (1783)- Independence created opportunities to build a new society, people strived for egalitarism

CLAIM: America become supported by outside countries (America in the world)

1. Battle of Trenton (1776)- France starts to reconize the colonies and believe in them

2. Battle of Saratoga (1777)- France provided troops, weapons, money, and naval support.

3. Treaty of Paris (1783)- It confirmed America's independence internationally, countries all around the world reconize America

CLAIM: the American economy had a significant decline (Work, Exchange, and technology)

1. Stamp Act (1765)- British taxes created economic pressure and conflict between Britain and the colonies.

2. Intolerable acts- Resistance and Britain's punishment disrupted colonial commerce. The main economic impact was the damage to trade

3. Financing the Revolutionary War- Excessive printing caused severe inflation, meaning prices rose and money lost value

CLAIM: The geography of the 13 colonies expanded (Geography & enviorment)

1. Proclamation of 1763- It shows Britain controlling where colonists could expand, Native Americans could settle on new soil

2. Battle of Trenton (1776)- Washington's army regained control of much of New Jersey from the British.

3. Treaty of Paris (1783)- It greatly expanded the territory the United States could claim and govern.

CLAIM: There was constant migration and settlement due to the political changes in the Revolutionary War

1. Proclamation of 1763- Britain reserved much of the western territory for Native American use

2. Quartering act- Britain required colonial governments to help provide housing and supplies for British troops, causing British to move within

3. Treaty of Paris (1783)- Some Loyalists left the United States for Canada, Britain, or other parts of the British Empire.