Unit 2, psyc 350

Constant

_______ are measures/behaviors for which all participants have the same value.

Variable

_______ are measures/behaviors for which the set

of participants have at least two different values.

qualitative

_______ variables are those for which different values indicate different kinds.

quantitative

_______ variables are those for which different

values indicate different amounts.

Univariate

_______ statistics involve summaries of a single variable.

Bivariate

_______ statistics summarize the relationship between two variables.

Univariate, Bivariate

The mean, standard deviation and skewness are _______ statistics, correlation, Chi-square and ANOVA are _______ statistics.

Center

The mean describes the _______ of the distribution.

Variability, Shape

The standard deviation its _______ and the skewness its _______.

Mean

The ______ is the balancing point of the distribution.

Median

The _____ has 50% of the scores above and below it.

Mode

The ______ is the most common value.

Mode

The _____ can be used with both quantitative and qualitative variables

Mean, Median

while the _____ and the _____ can only be used with quantitative variables.

Standard deviation

The __________ measures the spread of scores around the mean.

Skewness

The _____ measures the extent of asymmetry of the distribution.

Standard deviation

The _____________ estimates the variability of scores around the population mean.

Standard error of the mean, Standard deviation

Accuracy with which sample means represent the population mean is estimated by the ______________, which is calculated from the ____________ and the sample size.

Type 1, false alarm

A _________ is a statistical decision error made when you mistakenly decide the variables are related in the target population.

Type 2, miss

When you mistakenly conclude the variables aren’t related in the target population, the type of statistical error is called a _______.

Type 3, misspecification

When you correctly conclude the variables are related in the target population but get the direction or pattern of that relationship wrong, the type of statistical error is called a _________.

Type 1, Type 3

_____and _____ errors may be the result of poor sampling, poor measurement, or sampling variability.

Type 2

________ errors may be the result of these things and/or having a too-small sample.

Type 1

If the H₀ is true in the population and p less than .05 it will lead you to make a ______ error.

Correct decision

If the H₀ is true in the population and p > .05 will lead you to make a __________.

Correct decision

If the H₀ is false in the population and p less than .05 will lead you to make a _______.

Type 2

If the H₀ is false in the population and a p greater than .05 will lead you to make a _______. error

Between and Within

_______ groups comparisons involve different participants in each IV condition (cross-sectional design), while _______ groups comparisons include the same participants in all IV conditions (longitudinal design).

The sign or r

• Tells the direction of the linear relationship

• The "effect direction"

The size of r

• Tells the strength of the linear relationship

• The "effect size"

• Is related to whether or not the correlation is significant

Scatterplot

• Can be used to decide if two quantitative variables have a linear or nonlinear relationship

• Used to display relationships between 2 quantitative variables

• Should be examined before a correlation is calculated

Contingency table

• Used to display relationships between 2 qualitative variables.

• Should be examined to describe the pattern revealed by a significant Chi-square

Symmetrical

• have the larger frequencies on one diagonal and the smaller frequencies on the other diagonal

• have row differences in opposite directions in the two columns

Asymmetrical

• have a difference between the rows of only one column

• have a difference between the rows in only one column

Type 3

A ________ error occurs when we don't find the data pattern we “hoped for” and when the significant pattern found in the sample data is different from the pattern in the population

Results contrary

_________ to the research hypothesis occurs when we don't find the data pattern we “should have.” and occurs when the significant pattern of results is different from the pattern we expected.

Significant, large

Using a larger sample size increases the chances of finding a _______ effect but does not increase the chances of finding a _____ effect.

Large

A ______ effect is identified using the r-value

Significant

A ________ effect is identified using the p-value.

A priori, Post hoc

An _______ power analysis is performed to determine the sample size that should be used for the study, a _____ power analysis is performed when you retain the H₀ to help estimate the probability of a Type II error.

A priori

An _______ power analysis is performed to determine the sample size that should be used for the study.

Post hoc

A _______ power analysis is performed when you retain the H₀ to help estimate the probability of a Type II error.

Power, Type 2

Having sufficient _______ decreases the probability of making a _______ error.