Anatomy Exam 4

What are the two main effects of erythropoietin?

Leukopoiesis is the formation of white blood cells. In adults, leukopoiesis occurs in the red bone marrow.

What is the function of hematopoietic stem cells

Hematopoietic stem cells produce all formed elements.

What is the next stage of red blood cell maturation after ejection of the nucleus

The ejection of the nucleus transforms an erythroblast into a reticulocyte.

What cell sheds cytoplasmic packets to produce platelets?

Megakaryocytes, which are derived from hematopoietic stem cells, produce platelets.

How would slow blood flow affect the stability of your body’s temperature?

Blood carries heat away from areas that are warm and distributes it to the skin when the body is too warm and to vital organs when the body is cold; marked slowing of flow would disrupt the body’s ability to cool or warm itself properly.

If a person is diagnosed as being hypovolemic, how would blood pressure be affected?

A hypovolemic individual has a low blood volume and would therefore have abnormally low blood pressure.

Why does whole blood have such a high viscosity?

Whole blood contains significant numbers of formed elements, such as red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. These components of the blood make it thicker and more resistant to flow.

What is the difference between plasma and interstitial fluid

They have similar concentrations of ions but different concentrations of dissolved gases and proteins

In adults, where does erythropoiesis occur and what regulates the process?

Primarily within the red marrow of bones.

Erythropoietin (EPO) regulates this process

What is the name for the formation of white blood cells?

Leukopoiesis

Where does Leukopoiesis occur in adults?

red bone marrow

Hematocrit

% of blood sample volume made of erythrocytes

How much body mass is blood?

7%

Bohr Effect

pH will impact binding affinity of O2 to Hb

Blood Type A

blood has RBCs with surface antigen A only

plasma contains anti-B antibodies

Blood Type B

has RBCs with surface antigen B only

has anti-A antibodies

Blood Type AB

has RBCs with A and B surface antigens

has neither anti-A or anti-B surface antigens

Blood Type O

has RBCs lacking both A and B surface antigens

contains both anti-A and B antibodies

What is the universal blood donor type?

O-

What is the universal blood recipient type?

AB+

Cross-reaction

antibodies react with their target antigens, causing aggulation and hemolysis of the affected RBCs

Aggulation

clumping of RBCs and antibodies

Diapedesis

leukocytes squeeze between endothelial cells to leave capillaries

Chemotaxis

chemical signals that attract leukocytes to infections

T cells

enter tissues to directly attack pathogens

B cells

produce plasma cells that secrete antibodies

NK cells

attack abnormal cells; immune surveillance

Hemostasis

blood clotting

What kind of blood cell uses chemotaxis, attracts fibroblasts, and produces scar tissue?

Monocytes

What kind of blood cells are responsible for specific immunity?

Lymphocytes

What kind of blood cells contain granules that are vacuoles with lysosomal enzymes and bactericidal compounds? They are also phagocytotic and short-lived.

Neutrophils

What kind of blood cells attack antibodies, secrete compounds that reduce inflammation, and are involved in allergies/parasites?

Eosinophils

Which type of blood cells have a high density of granules?

Basophils

Histamine

Dilate blood vessels to enable diapedesis

What prevents blood clots?

Heparin

Platelets (thrombocytes) are cells

False

Hemopoiesis

blood cell formation; red marrow; yellow marrow can be converted to red

What is required for erythropoiesis (erythrocyte formation)?

Vitamin B12, amino acids, and Iron

Where does erythropoiesis (erythrocyte formation) take place?

Red marrow

Erythropoietin (EPO)

glycoprotein hormone by kidney and liver in response to low O2; hypoxia

What is the process of differentiation of myeloid cells into leukocytes?

Leukopoiesis

Colony-stimulating factors (CSFs)

hormone that stimulates leukocyte production

Lymphopoiesis

differentiation of lymphoid cells into lymphocytes

Viscosity

the resistance to flow that a fluid exhibits as a result of molecular interaction within the fluid

Whole blood

a mixture of plasma and formed elements

Who has a higher blood content, adult males or females?

Males

What kind of capillaries have endothelial lining that is NOT complete?

Sinusoid and Fenestrated

What kind of capillary has complete endothelial lining?

Continuous

What kind of artery is small, has thin adventitia, and media made up of scattered smooth muscle cells?

Arterioles

What kind of arteries have thick media and a greater % of smooth muscle cells?

Muscular arteries

What kind of arteries have a thin vessel diameter, media that contains few smooth muscle cells and a high density of elastic fibers?

Elastic arteries

True or false: Veins have smooth endothelial lining?

True

Do arteries endothelial lining have smooth or pleated folds?

Pleated folds

Adventitia

anchor blood vessels in place?

Media

smooth muscle; used in vasoconstriction and vasodilation

Intima

endothelium of vessel

Capillaries

thin vessels between arteries and veins; site of exchange

Arteries

carry blood away from heart

Veins

carry blood back to the heart

Blood

fluid connective tissue, cannot move itself throughout the body

What brings O2 poor blood back to the right atrium?

Superior and inferior vena cavas & Coronary sinus

Where does oxygen rich blood go back to the heart?

Through the pulmonary veins

What drains de-oxygenated blood from the heart?

Coronary sinus

Which side of the heart has oxygen rich blood?

Left side (comes from lungs)

Which side of the heart has oxygen poor blood?

Right side (all coming back from the body)

Which parts of the heart receives blood?

The 2 atria’s

Which parts of the heart sends blood out?

The 2 ventricles

What separates the L and R ventricles?

Interventricular sulcus

What pumps O2 poor blood to the lungs?

Pulmonary trunk

Atrial ventricular valves

control blood flow from the atria to the ventricles

Pulmonary Circuit

the heart sends blood to the lungs, then the lungs send the blood back to the heart

Systematic Circuit

The heart sends blood to the rest of the body, then the body sends the blood back to the heart

Which circuit has de-oxygenated blood and sends blood through pulmonary arteries to the lungs to become oxygenated?

Pulmonary Circuit

Which circuit has oxygen rich blood that comes back to the heart from the lungs that is sent out through arteries to the tissues of the body?

Systematic Circuit

What arteries and veins carry de-oxygenated blood?

Pulmonary Circuit

What arteries and veins carry oxygenated blood?

Systematic Circuit

What differentiates arteries from veins?

The direction of blood flow

Pericardium

sac that has epithelia and connective tissue that incases the heart

What is between the pleural cavities?

Mediastinum

Fibrous pericardium

outer layer of pericardium, attaches to the diaphragm

anchors the heart

Serous Pericardium

inner layer of pericardium, secretes pericardial fluid

Epicardium

visceral serous membrane; surface of heart

Parietal serous mambrane

fuses to inside of fibrous pericardium

Myocardium

cardiac muscle tissue that covers cardiac muscle cells, connective tissue, blood vessels, and nerves

Endocardium

internal endothelial surface of the heart made up of simple squamos cells

What do intercalated discs do?

attaches heart cells together

What is each cardiac cell wrapped in for structural support?

an elastic sheath

What is each muscle layer of the heart wrapped in?

A fibrous sheet

What other heart structures do fubrous sheets incase?

Base of pulmonary trunk, ascending aorta, and valves

What separates the left and right atria?

Interatrial septum

Septa

internal walls that separate chambers of the heart

What do the 2 AV valves do?

prevent backflow into the atria’s

What are the 2 AV valves?

Tricuspid and Bicuspid Valves

What do the 2 semilunar valves do?

Prevent backflow into ventricles

What are the 2 semilunar valves?

Aortic & Pulmonary semilunar valves

Are AV valves passive or active?

Active

What makes up the AV valves?

Rings of CT, Cusps, Chordae tendinea, and Papillary muscles

Chordae tendineae

connect cusps and papillary muscles

What side of the heart are the AV valves on, and do they have oxygenated or de-oxygenated blood?

Right side, deoxygenated blood

What side of the heart are the semilunar valves on, and do they have oxygenated or de-oxygenated blood?

Left side, oxygen rich blood