HENRY VIII AND FOREIGN POLICY 1509-1521

What issue does Henry encounter in 1516 whilst trying to form a league?

Ferdinand dies and Charles is made King of Spain

Why does Charles being made King of Spain foil Henry’s plan for a league against Francis?

Charles didnt want to go to war as he was dealing with rebellions, then Maximilian doesn’t want to go to war as Charles as his grandson and heir

What issues did Charles face when he came to the Spanish throne?

rebellion as he was viewed as a foreigner due to his childhood abroad.

When is the treaty of Noyon signed, who between?

1516, Francis and Charles

When is the treaty of Cambrai signed, who between?

1517, Maximillian and francis

What is Henry lowest point of foreign policy?

1517, he is isolated after failing to set up his league

What was one of the terms relating to French lands in the treaty of London, when?

1518, had to give Tournai back which they had spent lots of money on and was now a fully fortified fortress.

Who and when does Henry meet in 1520?

May charles, then Francis at the field of cloth of gold then meets Charles again

What is the field of cloth of gold?

Henry and Francis met as a display of wealth and poower supposedly so henry could work as arbiter

What things were at the field of cloth of gold?

a fountain of wine, 5,000 retinue for henry and catherine, palace built for the event

What was the field of cloth of gold labelled as?

the eighth wonder of the world

How much did the field of cloth of gold cost Henry?

a years income

how close does henry get to Paris in 1523?

50 miles

How many men does henry take to france in 1523?

10,000

Why does the campaign of 1523 fail?

Charles doesn’t show up, Duke of Bourbon isn’t useful, bad weather and expensive, capture nothing

why is Henry upset in 1524-5?

no money, charles had ignored him and he had achieved nothing

Where does Charles invade in 1525, what happens?

France, battle of pavia, imprisons Francis

Why was henry excited about the outcome of the battle of Pavia?

He thinks he can take the french throne but he can’t afford it and Charles doesn’t want him to be.

What happens to henry and Charles following the battle of Pavia?

break alliance, Charles won’t marry Mary

In 1525, why does henry fail to take France?

No money, Wolsey tries to raise an amicable grant but people resent it and rebellion in Suffolk and east anglia

what is the first nail in Wolsey’s coffin?

the failure of the amicable grant

Who marches on Rome in 1527?

Charles’ protestant and germans (not his army), known as the sack of rome and they take the Pope

Why is the sack of Rome bad for Henry?

Charles takes the Pope, means that he won’t get a divorce from Catherine as she is Cahrles’ aunt

What must Wolsey do by 1528?

obtain a divorce

How does Henry try to get the Pope back from Charles?

enacts a trade embargo

Why does the trade embargo with the Holy Roman Empire fail?

the netherlands is the main buyer of cloth so Henry declares war but never follows through with it

What peace is signed in 1529, between who?

Francis and Charles, the ladies peace, ENGLAND NOT INVOLVED

What is the name of the 1529 treaty between Charles and the Pope, why is this bad for henry?

treaty of Barcelona, Pope is free but under the control of Charles

What is henry’s attitude to foreign policy?

wants fame and military glory

What is Wolsey’s attitude to foreign policy?

as he is a humanist he believes in glory through peace

What is the balance of power?

the idea that France and England only rule one country each

Who is there a significant rivalry between?

Francis, henry and charles, notably Francis and henry due to them being a similar age

Who does Henry model himself off of?

henry V

How big is England comapred to the other european powers?

tiny, with a small population

What is Henry’s first parliament in 1511 for?

to raise money for a french invasion

What treaty is renewed in 1510?

treaty of etaples

What does Ferdinand take, when?

Navarre, 1511

What did henry’s fathers advisors want him to do?

stay at peace and not go to war

Who does henry first have a difference of opinion with?

his fathers ministers

Why does the Pope form a holy league in 1511, who is in it?

the french are in the north of venice and want to invade Naples but has to get through the Papal states to get there, the pope is worried about this. England, spain, Holy Roman Empire and venice

Where does Henry invade France from the first time?

Gascony

Why does henry invade Gascony in 1511?

The english have a claim to gascony, can profit from the wine trade, and Catherine of Aragon influences henry to invade from here so that Ferdinand can take navarre

What does Henry consider invading before his second invasion of France?

ferdinand, after his betrayal

Where does Henry invade France from the second time, when and where does it fail?

1513, Brest in order to try snd gain control of the channel, fails due to the lack of boats

Where does Henry invade France from the second time, who supports him and why?

calais, maximillian as he has a claim to Burgundy

How big is Henry’s army at the third invasion of France?

30,000

Who organises thethird invasion of France, why is this important?

Wolsey, he comes to power through this as no other councillors would

Why does henry VIII go through Burgundy during his third invasion of France?

he was manipulated by Maximillian

Where does henry take in his third invasion of France?

raises Therounne to the ground and takes Tournai?

Why was the taking of Tournai significant?

it was a fortress, the english spent lots renovating it

What and when was the battle of the spurs?

1513, the english defeating a french observation force

What and when was the battle of flodden fields?

1513, Catherine of Aragon organises Thomas Howard to defeat a scottishinvasion, succeeds and kills james IV

Who rules after james IV is killed?

James V is too young so Margaret (Henrys sister) rules as regent

What is agreed at the 1514 treaty of St Germaine Laye, who between?

Louis XII and Henry, Henry will keep Tournai, peace and Mary Tudor will marry Louis

What is the main issue at the end of 1513?

no money!

Why is the holy league dismantled?

Holy roman empire and spain happy, and the Pope wants peace

Who dies in 1515, why is this an issue?

Louis, Mary is no longer queen

What does Francis do as soon as he becomes king?

wants war!, goes to Milan and wins Battle of Marignano which upsets the balance of power

What does margaret Tudor do wrong politically?

marries the Earl of Angus and is ousted from Scotland by 1517

What does Francis want to do after the battle of Marignano?

wants to inavde naples, so the pope and Francis sign the Concordat of Bologna to keep the peace

What does Henry want to do in 1516 to combat Francis’ power?

form a league

Who is the reason for England increasing in power by 1518?

Wolsey

How does the Pope deal with the threat of the french in 1518?

tries to start a crusade, sends Cardinal campeggio to England to convince them to join

Why does Henry agree to join the crusade?

As wolsey is made Papal legate

How does Wolsey deal with Cardinal Campeggio?

takes his ideas about the crusade and changes it to his own and forms the treaty of London

What and when was the treaty of London?

1518, also known as treaty of perpetual peace, France, Papacy, Spain, HRE and England all agree to peace and will redirect energy to the muslims. England is the arbiter of Europe

What is the high point of foreign policy?

treaty of London, but it doesn’t last

Who dies in 1519, what does this mean?

Maximillian, France is encircled

Who stands for Holy roman emperor in 1519, who wins?

henry, Francis and Charles, charles wins

Why doesn’t the treaty of London last?

Charles grows too powerful

Who is involved in the Calais conference in 1521?

Charles, Francis and Henry , Charles is not interested as he is worried about rebellions

What treaty is signed in 1521, who with?

Bruges, Henry and Charles and they agree to invade france in 1525

What does Henry do in 1522?

goes to war early, its a disaster

What treaty is signed in 1525?

More between Francis and Henry

What does Francis agree to when he is a prisoner of Charles?

treaty of Mdrid, he leaves 2 sons as hostages and supposedly fives up his claims to Italy and Burgundy (doesn’t)

Who rebels from Francis in 1523, what does this cause?

Duke of Bourbon who agrees to attack with Charles and Henry as a three pronged attack

What does Francis do in 1526 upon his return to France?

Appeals the treaty (signed uner duress) Pope absolves Francis so he forms the league of Cognac with Italy against Charles

Why does Wolsey dislike the League of Cognac, what does he do?

he is not involved so becomes involved and fails

What alliance occurs between Francis and henry in 1527, why?

treaty of westminster, henry dislikes charles as he wants a divorce