Child and Adolescent Development (Chapters 7-12)

Vocabulary flashcards covering physical, cognitive, and socioemotional developmental stages from early childhood through adolescence (Chapters 7-12).

Gross Motor Skills

Physical abilities involving running, jumping, and playing that improve as bones and muscles strengthen.

Fine Motor Skills

Coordination using hands for activities such as drawing, writing, and fastening buttons.

Egocentrism (Piaget)

A cognitive limitation in the pre-operational stage where a child assumes that everyone sees the world the way they do.

Animism

The belief held by young children that non-living things (such as toys) possess feelings.

Centration

Focusing on only one detail of a situation while completely ignoring everything else.

Scaffolding

Temporary help provided by an adult to help children learn best according to Vygotsky's view theory.

Zone of Proximal Development

The sweet spot of what a child can learn when given a little guidance.

Parallel Play

A type of play where children play side by side without interacting much.

Associative / Cooperative Play

A type of play characterized by actively sharing toys and playing together.

Initiative vs Guilt

Erickson's early childhood stage where children want to try new things and take the lead, but feel bad if they break rules or fail.

Authoritative Parenting

A parenting style with high warmth and high rules that yields the best outcomes by being supportive and clear.

Authoritarian Parenting

A parenting style characterized by low warmth and super strict enforcement ('because I said so!').

Permissive Parenting

A parenting style featuring high warmth and no rules, resulting in too much lenience.

Uninvolved Parenting

A parenting style marked by low warmth and low rules, presenting as absent or uncaring.

Adrenarche

The hormonal awakening between ages 6 and 8 that triggers oily skin, body odor, and the emergence of permanent teeth.

Rehearsal

A memory strategy that involves repeating information to remember it.

Organization (Memory Strategy)

An information processing strategy of grouping items into categories.

Elaboration

A memory strategy where new information is connected to concepts that are already known.

Concrete Operational Stage

Piaget's middle childhood stage where kids can use logic for real, physical objects, but not yet for abstract concepts.

Conservation

The understanding that altering the form of a substance (such as pouring orange juice into a taller glass) does not change its actual quantity.

Growth Mindset

The belief that an individual can become smarter through hard work.

Fixed Mindset

The belief that an individual is either born smart or they are not.

Bullying

Repeated aggressive behavior involving a power imbalance, common in elementary school.

Industry vs Inferiority

Erickson's stage where children want to feel industrious in school, sports, or hobbies, and feel inferior if they struggle constantly.

Primary Sex Characteristics

Direct reproductive organs, specifically the ovaries and testes.

Secondary Sex Characteristics

Physical signs of sexual maturity such as body hair, deeper voices, and breast development.

Delayed Phase Preference

A biological change during adolescence where melatonin kicks in later, making it harder to fall asleep early.

Imaginary Audience

An aspect of teen egocentrism characterized by the feeling that everyone is staring at you.

Personal Fable

The belief during adolescence that no one has ever felt what you are feeling and that you are invincible.

Formal Operational Stage

Piaget's stage where teenagers develop abstract thinking and hypothetical-deductive reasoning (evaluating 'what ifs').

Autonomy

Independence that teens fight for as parent-child conflict peaks during middle adolescence.

Identity Diffusion

Marcia's status in which an individual has not thought about who they are and has no established goals.

Identity Foreclosure

Marcia's status where a teen simply copies what their parents want without exploring alternative options.

Identity Moratorium

Marcia's status involving actively stressing out and exploring different developmental paths.

Identity Achievement

Marcia's status where an individual has figured out who they are and what they believe.