DIGESTIVE: Nutritional Pharmacology

Forms of Vitamin A (2)

A1 Retinol, A2 Dehydroretinol

What fat-soluble vitamin is deficient

• Hyperkeratinization

• Nyctalopia

• Xerophthalmia

• Anasarca (generalized edema)

Vitamin A

Night blindness caused by Vitamin A deficiency

Nyctalopia

Abnormal dryness and irritation of the eyes due to Vitamin A deficiency

Xerophthalmia

Forms of Vitamin D (3)

D1 Calciferol, D2 Ergocalciferol, D3 Cholecalciferol

What fat-soluble vitamin is deficient

• Rickets (young/growing animal)

• Osteomalacia (adult)

Vitamin D

Bone-softening and weakening disorder affecting young/growing animals

Rickets

Bone-softening and weakening disorder affecting adult animals

Osteomalacia

Anti-oxidant, Anti-sterility vitamin

Vitamin E

What fat-soluble vitamin is deficient

• Muscular dystrophy

• White muscle disease (young animal)

• Steatitis (fat deposition in liver)

• Encephalomalacia (young chicks)

• Exudative diathesis (young chicks)

• Decreased egg hatchability

• Decreased fertility

VItamin E

Degenerative muscle disorder in young livestock caused by Vitamin E (and/or Selenium) deficiency

White Muscle Disease

Forms of Vitamin K (3)

K1 Phytonadione, K2 Menaquinone, K3 Menadione

What fat-soluble vitamin is deficient

• Delayed clotting factor

• Hemorrhage

Vitamin K

Other names of Vitamin B1 (2)

Thiamine, Aneurin

What water-soluble vitamin is deficient

• Polioencephalomalacia in ruminants

• Chastek paralysis in carnivores

• Polyneuritis in birds

Vitamin B1

Vitamin B1 deficiency causes this disease in humans

Beri-beri

Animals can convert tryptophan into this vitamin

Vitamin B3

Other names of Vitamin B3 (3)

Niacin, Nicotinamide, Nicotinic acid

Vitamin B3 deficiency causes this disease in humans

Pellagra or black tongue

Vitamin B3 deficiency causes this disease in dogs

Black tongue

What water-soluble vitamin is deficient

• Pellagra in humans

• Black tongue in dogs

Vitamin B3

Raw egg white contains this anti-biotin factor

Avidin

What water-soluble vitamin is deficient

• Loss of hair, weight

• Fatty liver and kidney syndrome

• Skeletal change in body of chicks

Biotin

Biotin deficiency causes this disease in adult sows and boars

Foot rot

Vitamin analogous to niacin that animals can synthesize from methionine

Choline

Vitamin deficiency that causes perosis in poultry

Choline

Choline deficiency causes this to poultry, where there is softening of long bones

Perosis

This water-soluble vitamin contains cobalt

Vitamin B12

What water-soluble vitamin is deficient

• Anemia (maturation failure anemia)

• Demyelination and irreversible degeneration of spinal cord

Vitamin B12

Vitamin B12 deficiency causes ____ and irreversible degeneration of ____

demyelination, spinal cord

Other name of Vitamin B2

Riboflavin

What water-soluble vitamin is deficient

• Loss of hair

• Skin lesions (cracks)

• Eye disorders (light sensitivity)

Vitamin B2

Other name of Vitamin B6

Pyridoxine

What water-soluble vitamin is deficient

• Retarded growth

• Dermatitis

• Anemia

• Curly toe paralysis (birds)

Vitamin B6

Vitamin B6 deficiency causes this disorder to birds

Curly toe paralysis

Other name of Vitamin B5

Pantothenic acid

What water-soluble vitamin is deficient

• Dermatitis

• Retarded growth

• Loss and graying of hair

• Goose stepping (swine)

Vitamin B5

Vitamin B5 deficiency causes this gait disorder in swine

Goose stepping

Other names of Vitamin B9

Folic acid, Folacin

What water-soluble vitamin is deficient

• Growth retardation

• Anemia

Vitamin B9

What water-soluble vitamin is deficient

• Scurvy

• Delayed wound healing

• Poor healing of bone fractures

Vitamin C

Vitamin C deficiency causes this disease that decreases the deposition of collagen

Scurvy

What vitamin deficiency leads to scurvy or decreased deposition of collagen

Vitamin C deficiency

Minerals added to feeds in large amounts

Macrominerals

Minerals added to feeds in small / trace amounts

Microminerals

Macrominerals (5)

1. Chlorine

2. Magnesium

3. Phosphorus

4. Potassium

5. Sulfur

Microminerals / Trace minerals (11)

1. Chromium

2. Cobalt

3. Copper

4. Fluorine

5. Iodine

6. Iron

7. Manganese

8. Molybdenum

9. Selenium

10. Silicon

11. Zinc

What trace mineral is deficient: Impaired glucose tolerance

Chromium

Chromium deficiency causes this

impaired glucose tolerance

What trace mineral is deficient

• Emaciation (Anorexia)

• Inappetence

• Anemia

Cobalt

What trace mineral is deficient

• Anemia

• Decrease collagen in bones

• Decrease elastin in arteries

• Enzootic ataxia or swayback (lamb)

• Decrease hair pigmentation (sheep)

Copper

Copper deficiency causes this disease in lamb

Enzootic ataxia or swayback

Copper deficiency causes this disease in sheep

Decreased hair pigmentation

Fluorosis is a type of toxicosis that affects which animals

Ruminants, Dogs

What trace mineral is deficient

• Goiter

• Epitheliosis imperfecta

Iodine

Pathological term for skin epithelium that did not completely developed

Epitheliosis imperfecta

What trace mineral is deficient: Anemia, Decrease oxygen

Iron

What macromineral is deficient

• Grass tetany (cattle)

• Hyperirritability

Magnesium

Grass tetany in cattle caused by magnesium deficiency can lead to ____

paralysis

Magnesium deficiency may cause this disease in cattle

Grass tetany

Macromineral toxicity that may lead to or cause:

• Flaccid paralysis

• Hyperesthesia

• Bradycardia

• Respiratory and heart arrest

Magnesium toxicity

Aside choline deficiency, manganese deficiency may also cause this softening of long bone in poultry

Perosis

Molybdenosis is a type of toxicosis that affect which animal

cattle

Teart in cattle is caused by this trace mineral toxicosis

Molybdenosis

What trace mineral is deficient

• Nutritional muscular atrophy

• WMD/White muscle disease

• Hepatosis dietetica (black liver)

• Mulberry heart disease (black heart)

• Exudative diathesis

• Decrease fertility

Selenium

Fatal liver disease in young, fast-growing pigs caused by selenium deficiency; also known as "black liver”

Hepatosis dietetica

Nutritional disorder in rapidly growing pigs caused by selenium deficiency, characterized by "black heart" and purple-red mottled heart muscle hemorrhages

Mulberry heart disease (black heart)

What macromineral is deficient that is similar to cobalt deficiency

• Growth retardation

• Inappetence

Sulfur

What trace mineral is deficient

• Decrease growth and altered epithelial cells metabolism

• Parakeratosis (cattle, pig)

• Malformation of keratinized tissues (hooves, woof, feathers, horn)

Zinc

Zinc deficiency causes parakeratosis in which animals

Cattle, Pig

Skin thickening and dermatitis in cattle and pigs caused by zinc deficiency

Parakeratosis