HCI MIDTERMS V2

What are the 7 guides designing dialogue (Vicky Frissen)

1. Suitability for the task

2. Self-descriptiveness

3. Controllability

4. Conformity with user expectations

5. Error tolerance

6. Suitability for individualization

7. Suitability for learning

What are the 7 commandments for UI?

1. Make everything people need instantly accessible

2. Be consistent

3. Give away spoilers

4. Give your users control and freedom in equal measure

5. Don’t get too creative

6. Aim for recognition instead of recall

7. Find what works for you

What principle is systems and buttons behaving in a way that people expect them to

Principle of Least Astonishment

Refers to “Sign Up,” “Learn More,” “Download Now,” or “Get Started.” Should be creative and persuasive, but also informative.

CTA (Call to Action)

A measure of how well a specific user in a specific context can use a product/design to achieve a defined goal effectively, efficiently and satisfactorily.

USABILITY

Refers to the overall emotional and psychological response a user has when using a product.

USER EXPERIENCE (UX)

What are the 5 Usability Elements?

EFFECTIVENESS
EFFICIENCY
ENGAGEMENT
ERROR TOLERANCE
EASE OF LEARNING

Assess how easy and enjoyable it is for users to achieve their goals while using a product

USABILITY EVALUATION

What are the ISO 9241-11 definitions of usability?

EFFECTIVENESS (how accurately users achieve goals)

EFFICIENCY (resources used to accomplish goals)

SATISFACTION (how comfortable and pleasant the system is to users)

Importance of UX————————————————

Keeps the design focused on the people who will use the product

USER-CENTERED DESIGN

Importance of UX————————————————

Finds potential problems within the user experience.

PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION

Importance of UX————————————————

Refers to testing, improving, and test designs again

ITERATIVE IMPROVEMENT

Importance of UX————————————————

Refers to early-stage checks prevent expensive changes after release

REDUCED COSTS

Importance of UX————————————————

Refers to tested products often do better than their competition

COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE

3 Main types of usability evaluation———————

Observing real users. A qualitative, hands-on approach

USABILITY TESTING

3 Main types of usability evaluation———————

Refers to talking to users to find out what they expect and need, through focus groups and interviews.

USABILITY INQUIRY

3 Main types of usability evaluation———————

Refers to expert assessments to find usability problems, using heuristic evaluations and cognitive and pluralistic walkthroughs.

USABILITY INSPECTION

A type of research about attitudes and behaviors. Done with 10 participants or less

QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

Who invented the System Usability Scale? (SUS)

John Brooke in 1986

User issues or difficulties when interacting with a product, system, or interface.

USABILITY PROBLEMS

What are all the Common Usability Problems

• COMPLEX NAVIGATION

• SLOW LOAD TIMES

• INCONSISTENT DESIGN

• OVERWHELMING CONTENT

• INADEQUATE FEEDBACK

• ACCESSIBILITY ISSUES

The study and practice of designing user interfaces that facilitate effective interaction between humans and computers

HUMAN COMPUTER INTERACTION

Refers to how well a system or interface matches the user’s physical, cognitive, and emotional characteristics

FIT

Types of Fit——————————————————--

Matching mental models and problem-solving styles

COGNITIVE FIT

Types of Fit——————————————————--

Ergonomic design, posture, and device layout

PHYSICAL FIT

Types of Fit——————————————————--

Reducing stress, frustration, and cognitive overload

EMOTIONAL FIT

Types of Fit——————————————————--

Developed by Davis (1989), explains how users accept and use technology

TECHNOLOGY ACCEPTANCE MODEL (TAM) and ATTITUDE

It refers to the set of design elements that maximize seamless interaction and create pleasurable interaction and create a pleasurable user experience

USER INTERFACE DESIGN

TYPES OF USER INTERFACE———————————————

These are text-based interfaces where users type commands to operate software or systems

COMMAND LINE INTERFACE

TYPES OF USER INTERFACE———————————————

Uses visual elements like windows, icons, and buttons, making it accessible and easy to use

GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE

TYPES OF USER INTERFACE———————————————

Allows users to interact through a list of options, icons, and buttons.

MENU-DRIVEN INTERFACE

TYPES OF USER INTERFACE———————————————

Used in applications where users need to input specific data into fields

FORM BASED INTERFACE

TYPES OF USER INTERFACE———————————————

Used with AI and machine learning; natural language interfaces have become popular, allowing users to interact using everyday language. 

NATURAL LANGUAGE INTERFACE

TYPES OF USER INTERFACE———————————————

Relies on body movements and gestures. Often used in gaming and fitness applications

GESTURE-BASED INTERFACE

TYPES OF USER INTERFACE———————————————

Allows users to interact with systems through voice commands, a popular choice in smart home devices

VOICE USER INTERFACE (VUI)

TYPES OF USER INTERFACE———————————————

Used in smartphones and tablets, allowing users to interact with devices using touch gestures. 

TOUCHSCREEN INTERFACE

TYPES OF USER INTERFACE———————————————

This interface provides a fully immersive environment where users interact with a computer-generated world

VIRTUAL REALITY INTERFACE

TYPES OF USER INTERFACE———————————————

Overlays digital information onto the real world. Popular in retail, gaming, and navigation.

AUGMENTED REALITY

TYPES OF USER INTERFACE———————————————

Allows users to interact with machines using conversational language through voice or text like in customer service bots and virtual assistants

CONVERSATIONAL INTERFACE

Refers to the principles for creating user interfaces that are simple to understand and operate

SCHNEIDERMAN’S EIGHT GOLDEN RULES

What are Ben Shneiderman’’s 8 golden rules?

1. STRIVE FOR CONSISTENCY

2. CATER TO UNIVERSAL USABILITY

3. OFFER INFORMATIVE FEEDBACK

4. DESIGN DIALOGS TO YIELD CLOSURE

5. PREVENT ERRORS

6. PERMIT EASY REVERSAL OF ACTIONS

7. SUPPORT INTERNAL LOCUS OF CONTROL

8. REDUCE SHORT-TERM MEMORY LOAD

Refers to an evaluation used to assess the usability of a user interface, made by Jakob Nielsen’s.

HEURISTIC EVALUATION

What are the 10 heuristic principles?

1. VISIBILITY OF SYSTEM STATUS

2. MATCH BETWEEN SYSTEM AND THE REAL WORLD

3. USER CONTROL AND FREEDOM

4. CONSISTENCY AND STANDARDS

5. ERROR PREVENTION

6. RECOGNITION RATHER THAN RECALL

7. FLEXIBILITY AND EFFICIENCY OF USE

8. BEAUTIFUL AND SIMPLE DESIGN

9. HELP USERS RECOGNIZE, DIAGNOSE, AND RECOVER FROM ERRORS

10. HELP AND DOCUMENTATION

INTERFACE DESIGN GUIDELINES

• USE CONSISTENT TERMINOLOGY AND CONVENTIONS

• PROVIDE CLEAR FEEDBACK

• MAKE IT EASY TO UNDO ACTIONS

• PREVENT ERRORS

• MAKE THE INTERFACE ACCESSIBLE

What are the COMMON INTERFACE COMPONENTS

• BUTTONS ▶️

• INPUT FIELDS 🌿

• CHECKBOXES AND RADIO BUTTONS ✅

• MENUS 📋

• TOOLTIPS 🧰

• DIALOG BOXES 📦

What are the VISUAL DESIGN guidelines?

Use consistent design language = the app will look cleaner

Use appropriate colors and fonts = colors should be easy to read

Use white space effectively = use it to improve readability

Use images and icons sparingly = don’t use them excessively

FEEDBACK MECHANISMS—————

One of the most common types of feedback used in UI design.

VISUAL FEEDBACK

FEEDBACK MECHANISMS—————

This type of feedback involves using sound to convey information to the user

AUDITORY FEEDBACK

FEEDBACK MECHANISMS—————

Involves using tactile responses to convey information to the user

HAPTIC MEMORIZE

Simply, the method, or methods, by which the user and a computer system communicate with one another

INTERACTION STYLE

INTERACTION STYLES———————————

The earliest form of interaction style and is still being used, though mainly on Linux/Unix operating systems.

COMMAND LINE

INTERACTION STYLES———————————

Places a considerable cognitive burden on the user in that the interaction style relies on recall as opposed to recognition memory

COMMAND LANGUAGE

INTERACTION STYLES———————————

A set of options displayed on the screen where the selection and execution of one or more of the options results in a state change of the interface

MENU SELECTION

INTERACTION STYLES———————————

Aimed at a different set of users than command language, namely non-experts users.

FORM FILL-IN

INTERACTION STYLES———————————

A central theme in interface

DIRECT MANIPULATION

INTERACTION STYLES———————————

Refers to a way of designing human-computer interaction where the system behaves or communicates in a human-like manner.

ANTHROPOMORPHIC

What is the ANATOMY OF A GUI?

WINDOWS

ICONS

BUTTONS

TOOLBARS

TEXT FIELDS

SCROLLBARS, SLIDERS, TABS

DIALOG BOXES

Refers to a visual style blending flat and skeuomorphic elements

NEUMORPHISM

What are the key elements of exceptional Web UI design?

USABILITY AND INTUITIVE NAVIGATION

COLOR THEORY AND STRATEGIC USE OF COLOR PALETTE

VISUAL HIERARCHY AND EFFECTIVE LAYOUT

TYPOGRAPHY AND FONT CHOICES

ACCESSIBILITY CONSIDERATIONS

INTERACTION DESIGN AND INTUITIVE USER FEEDBACK

INTEGRATIONS——————————-

Connects a variety of applications and data sources, allowing application and integration architects to juggle multiple and protocols and data models.

APPLICATION CENTRIC INTEGRATION

INTEGRATIONS——————————-

Prioritizes integrating data sources, emphasizing consistency, and accessibility

DATA CENTRIC INTEGRATION

INTEGRATIONS——————————-

Uses events as triggers for communication between systems

EVENT-CENTRIC INTEGRATION

4 TYPES OF APPLICATION INTEGRATION——-

Combines multiple software applications

PRESENTATION LEVEL INTEGRATION

4 TYPES OF APPLICATION INTEGRATION——-

Connects two or more application workflows

BUSINESS PROCESS INTEGRATION

4 TYPES OF APPLICATION INTEGRATION——-

Enables multiple applications to exchange information

DATA INTEGRATION

4 TYPES OF APPLICATION INTEGRATION——-

Combines business process integration and data integration

COMMUNICATIONS LEVEL INTEGRATION

PRINCIPLES OF USER INTERFACE DESIGN—

Ensure that similar actions and elements are represented the same way throughout the interface so that users won’t need to learn new interactions for every task.

CONSISTENCY

PRINCIPLES OF USER INTERFACE DESIGN—

Let users know the results of their actions. This helps users understand whether their actions were successful

FEEDBACK

PRINCIPLES OF USER INTERFACE DESIGN—

Users should be able to easily see and understand the state of the system and its components

VISIBILITY

PRINCIPLES OF USER INTERFACE DESIGN—

Make it easy for users to undo their last action and recover form mistakes

ERROR PREVENTION AND RECOVERY

PRINCIPLES OF USER INTERFACE DESIGN—

Limit the range of possible actions in an interface to avoid unintended actions or invalid selections

CONSTRAINTS

PRINCIPLES OF USER INTERFACE DESIGN—

Provide users with brief tutorials and guided tours to show them how to navigate

LEARNABILITY

PRINCIPLES OF USER INTERFACE DESIGN—

Use minimalistic design to ensure users can perform their primary tasks without distractions

SIMPLICITY

PRINCIPLES OF USER INTERFACE DESIGN—

Design interfaces to align with users’ real-world experiences. This makes it easy for them to understand how things work based on their existing knowledge.

MENTAL MODELS

PRINCIPLES OF USER INTERFACE DESIGN—

Use intuitive features to make clear to users how to interact with interface elements.

AFFORDANCE