BIO 109 LAB (Fungi)

The part of the compound light microscope that holds the slide in place is the

Stage

The 100X objective is also called the ______ objective.

Oil Immersion

T/F: You should always begin looking at a slide with the lowest power objective in place.

True

Another name for the 4X objective

scanning objective

Another name for the 10X objective

low-power objective

Another name for the 40X objective

high-power objective lens

If you have a 10X eyepiece and a 20X objective, then the total magnification would be?

200X

If you need to change the amount of light hitting your slide, it is best to adjust the

iris diaphragm

What is the most common component of bacterial cell walls?

peptidoglycans

The stain responsible for giving certain bacteria a purple color is

crystal violet.

The most important step in the Gram stain is the application of

alcohol/acetone

What shape is this?

Coccus (Round shaped)

What shape is this?

Bacillus (Rod shaped)

What shape is this?

Spirillum (spiral-shaped)

Gram positive

Thick peptidoglycan layer in their simple cell wall, stained purple by crystal violet.

Gram negative

Have more complex cell walls and less peptidoglycan.

Outer membrane on the cell wall contains lipopolysaccharides

Lose the blue/purple stain but retain the safranin and appear pink/red

Benificial Bacteria

- Bacteria in our intestines produce important vitamins.

- Prokaryotes recycle carbon and other chemical elements between organic matter and the soil and atmosphere.

- More than half of our antibiotics from the soil bacterium Streptomyces

_Symbiotic relationships (Mitochondria and chloroplast used to be prokaryotes living within a host)

Which ecological category contains the fungus-like protists?

slime molds

Paramecium, Plasmodium, and dinoflagellates all belong to the clade

Alveolates

Diatoms belong to the clade

Stramenopiles

The complex of organelles that some protists possess for penetrating into host cells is called a(n)

Apex

The Alveolate that causes malaria is

Plasmodium

Which of the following protists is known to "bloom?"

Dinoflagellates

The purpose of the contractile vacuole in Paramecium is to

regulate water balance

Amoeba use _____ to capture and ingest food

pseudopodia

T/F: Fungi are more closely related to animals than to plants.

True: they are heterotrophic and store glycogen (carbohydrates)

T/F: Red and green algae are strictly multicellular.

False:

T/F: Protists are Eukaryotes?

True:

How do Protozoa ingest food?

phagocytosis

How do slime molds obtain nutrients?

absorbing nutrients from decomposing organic materials (fungus-like)

How does a mixotroph obtain nutrients?

combining photosynthesis and heterotrophic nutrition and can use whichever energy source is available

What (1) Clade belongs to Supergroup Excavata?

*Euglenozoans*

(Euglenids- Euglena)

(Kinetoplastid- Trypanosoma)

What (3) Clades belong to Supergroup "SAR"?

Stramenopiles

Alveolates

Rhizarians

What (1) Clade belongs to supergroup Unikonta?

*Amoebozoans*

(Ameoba, Plasmodial slime mold, Cellular Slime mold)

What (2) clades belong to Supergroup Archaeplastida?

Red Algae

Green Algae

Vegetative state is called a plasmodium

Multinucleate mass

Reproduction - fruiting bodies produce spores

Amoebozoan- Plasmodial slime mold

Mulitcellular

Optimum conditions: individual ameboid cells

Sub-optimum conditions:

-cells aggregate together to form a pseudoplasmodium

- fruiting body is formed to produce spores

- released spores develop into individual ameboid cells

Amoebozoan- Cellular slime mold

*Stramenophile*

Autotrophic, silica cell wall, Pennate or centric form, Major component of phytoplankton, Diatomaceous Earth

Diatoms

*Stramenophile*

Macroscopic, autotroph, some seaweeds & kelps, Algin used as a thickening or emulsifying agent, Fucoxanthin used as a weight-loss supplement

((Blade, stipe, holdfast, float))

Brown Algae

Water mold

*Stramenophile*

Fungus-like hyphae and mycelia

May be saprophytic (absorb nutrients from decaying matter) or parasitic, can kill potato crops.

Alveolates - Dinoflagellates

Cingle-celled, Red tide "bloom", secrete toxins that kill fish, Two flagella that make them spin as they move through the water

Alveolates- Apicomplexan

(Plasmodium)

Parasitic, causes 90% of malaria in humans, Apex contains a complex of organelles specialized for penetrating host cells and tissues

Kinetoplast

Mass of mitochondrial DNA

Euglenozoans - Trypanosoma

Flagella, undulating membrane, Parasitic, heterotrophic, causes African Sleeping Sickness carried by testes fly, lives in blood of rats

Euglenozoans - Euglena

2 flagella, eye spot, contractile vacuole, chloroplast, pellicle, auto or mixotrophioc, primary producer

Stramenophiles

At some point in their life cycle, stramenopiles have a "hairy" flagellum paired with a "smooth" flagellum

Centric Vs Pennate

Diatom shape

Alveolates - Paramecium

Single-celled, heterotrophic, food vacuole, oral groove, gullet

Trichocyst

harpoon-like thread ejected as a defense mechanism or means to capture prey

Rhizarians

-Threadlike pseudopodia for feeding or locomotion

*Foraminiferans*

planktonic or benthic

calcium carbonate test (shell)

test remains form limestone deposits

reticulopodia form a dense network

*Radiolarians*

planktonic

silicon dioxide skeleton

axopodia extend radially

through pores

Amoebozoans - Amoeba proteus

Lobed pseudopodia for moving and ingesting, lack a shell, vacuole

Fungi store excess carbohydrates in the form of

glycogen.

Fungi that feed on dead material are said to be

saprophytic

The mutualistic relationship with plant roots and fungi is called

mycorrhizae

In fungi, the fusion of the cytoplasm of two cells is called

plasmogamy

Conidia are formed in

asexual reproduction

6. The mushroom is a reproductive structure called a(n)

basidiocarp

Red algae are also called

rhodophytes

8. The filamentous green algae that contain corkscrew-shaped chloroplasts are the

Spirogyra

The reproductive life cycle of land plants is called

alternation of generations

In land plants, sperm are produced by mitosis in

antheridia

Hyphae

threadlike filament; basic structure of a fungus

mycelium

mass of connected hyphae

Fungi cell walls composed of _____, a carbohydrate

chitin

Lichens

Symbiotic

mycorrhizae

- fungus provides nutrients

and minerals

- plant provides carbohydrates

Fungi 3 important phyla:

Zygomycota (zygote fungi)

Ascomycota (cup or sac fungi)

Basidiomycota (club fungi)

Zygomycota

2 types of green Algae

Chlorophytes (uni/multicellular)

Charophytes (multicellular)

What gave rise to land plants 475 M years ago?

Charophytes (multicellular green algae)