Cell Modifications

Cell modification, also known as cell differentiation or specialization, occurs after cell division in which newly formed cells become __________ to perform specific functions effectively.

Structurally modified

Apical modifications are located at the __________ of epithelial cells.

Upper or free surface

Basal modifications are located at the __________ of epithelial cells.

Bottom or underneath

Lateral modifications occur along the __________ of adjacent epithelial cells.

Sides

Cilia are short, hair-like, membrane-bound projections that help in __________.

Locomotion

Flagella are long, hair-like structures primarily responsible for __________.

Movement of cells

Microvilli are also known as the __________ or striated border.

Brush border

Stereocilia are very long __________.

Microvilli

Basal lamina provides support for the overlying __________.

Epithelium

Basal infoldings actively transport fluids and ions, and increase the __________ available for transport.

Surface area

Hemidesmosomes connect epithelial cells to the __________.

Basement lamina

Tight junctions, also known as zonula occludens, create a __________ seal between adjacent cells.

Tight, zipper-like

Desmosomes are also known as __________ and connect to the intermediate filaments of neighboring cells' cytoskeletons.

Macula adherens

Gap junctions allow molecules and ions to pass between cells for __________.

Communication

Adherens junctions are located beneath __________.

Tight junctions

Root hairs are projections from root-hair cells that absorb __________ from the soil.

Water and minerals

Xylem vessels transport water and minerals from the roots to other parts of the __________.

Plant

Erythrocytes lack a nucleus and contain __________, which binds oxygen in the blood.

Hemoglobin

Neurons have dendrites for receiving electrical signals and __________ for transmitting signals.

Axons

Muscle cells contract due to the presence of the proteins __________ and myosin.

Actin

Sperm cells are specialized reproductive cells that use a __________ to move.

Flagellum