Directing Effects

Flashcards covering the directing effects of first substituents on second substitutions in benzene rings, based on Table 1.

In aromatic substitution, what alternative names are given to 2-and-4-directing groups?

2-and-4 directing groups are ortho-and-para directing.

In aromatic substitution, what alternative names are given to 3-directing groups?

3-directing groups are meta directing.

What directing effect does $-NH_2$ or $-NHR$ substituents have on second substitutions?

2-and 4-directing

(ortho-and-para directing)

What directing effect does the hydroxyl group ($-OH$) have on second substitutions?

2-and 4-directing

(ortho-and-para directing)

What directing effect does an alkoxy group ($-OR$) have on a benzene ring?

2-and 4-directing

(ortho-and-para directing)

What directing effect does $-R$ or $-C_6H_5$ substituents have on second substitutions?

2-and 4-directing

(ortho-and-para directing)

What directing effect do halogen substituents ($-F$, $-Cl$, $-Br$, $-I$) have on second substitutions?

2-and 4-directing

(ortho-and-para directing)

What directing effect does an acyl/ketone group ($RCOR$) have on second substitutions?

3-directing

(meta directing)

What directing effect does an ester group ($-COOR$) have on second substitutions?

3-directing

(meta directing)

What directing effect does a sulfonic acid group ($-SO_3H$) have on second substitutions?

3-directing

(meta directing)

What directing effect does an aldehyde group ($-CHO$) have on second substitutions?

3-directing

(meta directing)

What directing effect does a carboxylic acid group ($-COOH$) have on second substitutions?

3-directing

(meta directing)

What directing effect does a nitrile group ($-CN$) have on second substitutions?

3-directing

(meta directing)

What directing effect does a nitro group ($-NO_2$) have on second substitutions?

3-directing

(meta directing)

What directing effect does a quaternary ammonium group ($-NR_3^+$) have on second substitutions?

3-directing

(meta directing)