PY 101-02 Exam 4 Study Guide Flashcards

Vocabulary practice flashcards covering human development, personality, and social behavior from the PY 101-02 Exam 4 Study Guide.

Separation anxiety

An emotional reaction observed in infants that appears at a specific developmental point and subsequently tapers off.

Secure attachment

A pattern of attachment that characterizes how children act and relate to their caregivers.

Anxious-Ambivalent attachment

A specific pattern of attachment describing how children act within their caregiver relationships.

Avoidant attachment

A pattern of attachment that describes how children act and respond when relating to caregivers.

Piaget’s Stage Theory

A theory of cognitive development across the lifespan that encompasses concepts such as object permanence and conservation.

Object permanence

A developmental concept included within Piaget’s Stage Theory.

Conservation

A developmental concept examined as part of Piaget’s Stage Theory.

Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory

A developmental theory focusing on sociocultural influences across the lifespan.

Erik Erikson’s Stage Theory

A stage theory of development focusing on crises across the lifespan, including specific stages occurring between ages 4 and 6, during adolescence, early adulthood, and late adulthood.

Kohlberg’s Model of Moral Reasoning

A model of moral development comprising multiple levels and stages, including a level associated with morality and other abstract principles.

Primary Sex Characteristics

Biological sex characteristics contrasted with secondary sex characteristics in lifespan human development.

Secondary Sex Characteristics

Bodily sex characteristics distinguished from primary sex characteristics in human development across the lifespan.

Arnett’s Emerging Adulthood stage

A distinct developmental stage proposed by Arnett occurring between adolescence and adulthood.

Marital happiness and number of children

A relational association examined in developmental psychology regarding how marital happiness relates to an individual's number of children.

Dementia

A cognitive condition studied alongside Alzheimer’s Disease in human development across the lifespan.

Alzheimer’s Disease

A progressive disease studied in conjunction with dementia in human development across the lifespan.

Kübler-Ross Grief Cycle

A psychological model consisting of different stages that describe how people act when experiencing grief.

Personality

An individual's unique psychological construct characterized by consistency across situations and distinctiveness from others.

Consistency

A defining component of personality referring to stability in behavior across different situations.

Distinctiveness

A defining component of personality referring to the individual differences that set a person apart from others.

Trait

A characteristic used to describe, label, and define an individual's personality.

Five-factor model of personality

A personality framework comprising the Big Five traits in the OCEAN acronym

Id

Primitive, instinctive personality component that acts on immediate gratification (pleasure principle)

Ego

Decision-making component that operates on the reality principle

Superego

Morals, right & wrong according to society

Defense mechanism

Largely unconscious reactions that protect a person from unpleasant emotions.

Collective unconscious

Carl Jung’s theory that we all have access to a storehouse of latent memory traces from our ancestral past.

Bandura’s Social Cognitive Theory

A theory that emphasizes that personality is a result of observational learning.

Self-efficacy

One’s belief about their ability to perform behaviors that should lead to expected outcomes. Tied to Bandura’s social-cognitive theory.

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

A humanistic framework in the shape of a pyramid that sorts the most basic needs up to the more excess ones.

Theory of Self-Actualization

The idea tied to Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs that one can only achieve their highest self and highest potential after all their needs have been met.

Eysenck’s Model of Personality

A biological perspective on personality supported by twin studies that emphasizes the dimension of extraversion-introversion.

Extraversion v introversion

A major personality dimension examined within Eysenck’s Model of Personality.

Narcissism

Personality trait marked by an inflated sense of importance, need for attention, and exploitative tendencies. Has two types

Social psychology

The scientific study of social behavior, social interactions, and how individuals perceive and influence one another.

Person perception

The process of forming impressions and making judgments about others in social situations.

Stereotypes

Generalized beliefs held about members of social groups

Illusory Correlation

Occurs when people estimate that they have encountered more confirmations of an association between social traits than they have actually seen, i.e, ‘I have never met an honest lawyer’

Ingroups

Social groups with which an individual identifies and belongs

Outgroups

Social groups with which an individual does not identify

Attribution

An explanation for the causes of behavior, categorized broadly as either internal or external.

Internal attribution

An attribution that explains behavior through personal dispositions or internal factors

External attribution

An attribution that explains behavior through situational or environmental factors

Fundamental attribution error

Bias in favor of using internal attributions for observed behavior in others. i.e. seeing a child having a tantrum and jumping straight to ‘what a spoiled kid’.

Self-serving bias

The tendency to attribute one’s successes to internal/personal factors and failures to external factors.

Individualism

A cultural perspective in social behavior that is known as personal goals above group goals and defining oneself as an individual rather than group membership.

Collectivism

A cultural perspective in social behavior that emphasizes group goals over personal goals. Where one’s identity is in terms of group membership

Matching hypothesis

People of approximate equal physical attractiveness are very likely to pair up as partners, defeats the concept of ‘opposites attract’

Passionate love

Complete and total absorption in another that includes tender sexual feelings and intense ups & downs.

Companionate love

Warm, trusting, tolerant affection for another whose life is deeply intertwined with one’s own.

Attitudes

Positive or negative evaluations of objects of thought, consisting of an Affective (emotional), Cognitive (beliefs), and Behavioral (predispositions to act) component.

IAT

A test used in social psychology to assess implicit attitudes.

Persuasion & Variables

A social influence process analyzed through four key variables; Source, Message, Channel & Receiver.

Cognitive dissonance

When related attitudes or beliefs are inconsistent and contradictory.

Conformity

The act of yielding to perceived social pressure, demonstrated in Asch’s 1955 conformity study. Instances of this go up when group size is larger.

Obedience

A form of social compliance in response to authority figures, demonstrated in Milgram’s 1963 obedience-shock study

Bystander effect

People are less likely to provide help to those in need whilst in groups versus alone

Social Loafing

A reduction in effort by individuals when working collectively in a group compared to working individually due to diffusion of responsibility.

Groupthink

Members of a cohesive group emphasizing concurrence on an idea over critical thinking

Explicit Attitudes

Attitudes held consciously that are easily described.

Implicit Attitudes

Attitudes that are covert and subconscious that one does not have control over.

Grandiose Narcissism

Narcissism categorized as having arrogance, immodesty, extraversion, and aggression.

Vulnerable Narcissism

Narcissism categorized by a sense of inferiority, introversion, neuroticism, and a need for recognition.

Openness to Experience

Conscientiousness

Extraversion

Agreeableness

Neuroticism