1.2a Is there a participation crisis? Summary

No - participation increasing (3)

1. Widening voting opportunities that have been engaged with

2. Revival in party membership of small parties

3. Single-issue groups large membership and engagement

No - participation changing positively (3)

1. Quality of political party engagement better

2. Protest politics and new forms of political engagement replacing trad. politics

3. Individual politics more democratic than trad. as open to all and esp. those disillusioned with mainstream politics

Yes - participation changing negatively (2)

1. New social movements undermine democracy and therefore legitimacy

2. Slacktivism is seen in individual politics

Yes - declining participation (3)

1. Decline in turnout in all types of election

2. Decline in party membership, esp. of main 2 parties

3. Decline in trade unions