Tetraparesis, proprioceptive ataxia and cervical pain

What are the 3 main structures that can cause spinal pain

• meninges

• Nerve roots

• Vertebra

What are the top differential diagnoses for neurologic issues localized to the cervical spinal segment

• Cervical IVDD

• Atlantoaxial subluxation

• Steroid responsive meningitis-arteritis

• Cervical spondylomyelopathy

The main clinical signs of cervical IVDD is ______________

neck pain

IVDD in the cranial cervical area causes mainly __________ while IVDD in the caudal cervical area mainly causes ______________

• neck pain

• neurological deficits

There is no __________ between c1 and c2

disk

The stabilization of the atlas and axis is done by ___________

4 ligaments

List the 4 ligaments that connect the atlas to the axis

• alar ligament

• apical ligament

• transverse ligament

• dorsal ligament

how many of the atlantoaxial ligaments are associated with the odontoid process

3

What are some common causes of atlantoaxial subluxation

• congenital

• acquired

What breed of dogs will most likely get atlantoaxial subluxation

toy breeds specifically Yorkshire

Dogs with congential Atlantoaxial subluxation will most likely present with it at what age?

<2 year old

What are the main clinical signs of atlantoaxial subluxation

• neck pain

• proprioceptive ataxia

• tetraparesis

The best way to diagnose an Atlantoaxial subluxation is with ________ and ___________ is contraindicated

• radiographs

• myelography

An immune mediated response against the meninges and arteries of the CNS is known as what?

Steroid responsive meningitis-arteritis (SRMA)

What breeds are predisposed to get SRMA

• Beagles

• Boxers

• Bernes

• Pointers

• Golden

What dog is the mot common breed of all to get SRMA

boxers

In SRMA you might notice an increase in _______ within the CSF and serum

IgA

Unlike other neurologic disease SRMA will have ________ signs

systemic

A dog with SRMA will typically present with severe pain without what?

neurological deficits

Atlantoaxial subluxation and SRMA typically affect dogs younger than _____________

2 years old

When diagnosing SRMA what diagnostics would you want to perform

• CBC

• CSF analysis

What CBC results would you get from a dog presenting with SRMA

neutrophilic leukocytosis

A dog presents with SRMA and you tap CSF what results would confirm the diagnosis

• neutrophilic pleocytosis

• cloudy, hemorrhagic CSF

What cervical pathology is predisposed to giant and large breed dogs due to cervical instability

Cervical spondylomyelopathy

because of the cervical instability there is dynamic and static ____________ and ________ compression

• spinal cord

• nerve root

What are the two forms of cervical spondylomyelopathy

• osseous

• Disc associated

Which form of CSM is more common in giant breeds which is more common in large breeds

• Osseous in giant

• Disc in large

In about 25% of dogs with CSM the two forms ___________

overlap

Giant breeds with osseous associated CSM typically present at what age and it will appear where on radiographs in relation to the vertebral body?

• 3.8 years

• dorsal

large breeds with disk associated CSM typically present at what age and it will appear where on radiographs in relation to the vertebral body?

• 7.9 years

• ventral

Most dogs afflicted with CSM will have a _________ gait

2 engine

Dogs with CSM do have _________ ataxia

proprioceptive

In order to diagnose CSM we must ______ and the best modality for that is _______

• image

• MRI

in what view would we want the MRI to be takin in order to maximize our chances of identifying the CSM

extension

Outside of the top 4 differentials what could explain problems localized to the cervical spine

• trauma

• FCEM

• neoplasia

• discospondylitis

A classic form of cervical spondeylomyelopathy seen in dogs is around the _______ region

c6-c8