VBSC 420 Exam 2

enamel is formed by

ameloblasts

damage to ameloblasts causes

enamel hypoplasia

material of tooth more flexible than enamel

dentin

dentin is formed by

odontoblasts

loose fibrovasular and nerve rich tissue of tooth

pulp

produced by odontoblasts

dentin

low crowned teeth are called

brachydont

primates and carnivores have this kind of teeth

brachydont

cows and horses have this kind of teeth

hypsodont

high crown teeth for grazing diets

hypsodont

rodents and lagomorphs have this kind of teeth

continuously erupting hypsodont

structure that connects tooth root to aveolar bone

periodontal ligament (PDL)

covers root of tooth and anchors the PDL fibers to the tooth

cementum

gingiva and hard palate/dental pad make up what?

Masticatory muscosa

masticatory muscoa is ___ due to routine masticatory trauma

keratinized

soft pallet, ventral tongue make up what?

lining mucosal

lining mucosa is

non keratinized

stoma means what?

mouth

generalized inflammation of the oral tissue

stomatitis

inflamation to the gingiva - or + the peridontal apparatus

gingivitis

inflammation of the periodontal apparatus

periodontitis

tissues of the periodontal apparatus are in a state of alteration

periodontal disease

focal demineralization and decay of enamel and dentin

Caries (cativites)

most common congenital anomaly of the oral cavity in animal

palatoschisis

lack of effective separation between the oral and nasal cavities. Can cause aspiration pneumonia

palatoschisis (cleft palate)

abnormally short jaw commonly encountered in domestic animals

brachygnathia

mineralized structure produced by ameloblasts during tooth development

enamel

deficient enamel layer due to ameloblast damage and disrupted formation for drugs or disease.

enamel hypoplasia

enamel hypoplasia is often seen in domestic dogs due to what in young animals?

canine distemper virus

enamel hypoplasia in bovine is cause by?

intrauterine bovine viral diarrhea virus infection

Wooden tongue secondary infection is caused by what after local injury?

Actinobacillus lignieresii

Actinobacillus ligniereii, normally found in the oral cavity causes what?

wooden tongue

most common oral malignant neoplasm in dogs

oral melanoma

oral melanoma in dogs has a

poor prognosis

most common oral neoplasm in cats

squamous cell carcinoma

what disease often goes unnoticed in cats until metastasis and can be mistaken for periodontal disease?

squamous cell carcinoma

in dogs and ruminants muscle around the esophagus is

all skeletal muscle

in humans, cats, horses, pigs muscle around esophagus is

mix of skeletal and smooth

migrating Nematode that parasitizes esophageal wall of canids. Warm climates

Spirocerca lupi

dung beetle houses larvae stage of what nematode?

spirocerca lupi

What stage of Spirocerca lupi cause esophageal granulomas from going through gastric muscle and aorta to get to the esophagus?

Larvae

rumen, reticulum, omasum are all what?

non glandular

any ruminant can be affected, grain overload from feeding or quick transition.

rumen acidosis

normal rumen pH in cattle

5.5-7.5

Acute rumen acidosis occurs at what pH?

less than 5 pH

rumen acidosis is caused by

consumption of rapidly fermentable carbs. aka grains

true glandular ruminant stomach

abomasum

glandular stomach in camelids. HCl secretion and enzymatic digestion.

C3

non-glandular section of monogastric stomach location

adjacent to esophagus

glandular section of stomach in monogastric location

adjacent to duodenum

what part of stomach is a common location for gastric ulcers?

nonglandular portion

diet including fine particulate feed predisposes pigs to what?

gastric ulceration

what species commonly get gastric ulceration?

pigs and horses

Who is predisposed to gastric dilation and volvulus?

large breed and deep chested dogs

large volume meals and rapid eating followed by exersie causes what?

gastric dilation and volvulus

term for when intestine twists around self causing bowel obstruction and cutting off blood flow.

volvulus

the act of swelling and becoming large by pressure from inside

distention

neoplasia of gastric epithelium. Vague clinical signs. Dogs more often

gastric adenocarcinoma

white blood cell neoplasia

lymphoma

gastric neoplasia of the keratinized region

squamous cell carcinoma

squamous cell carcinoma in horses affects the

keratinized region

functions absorb nutrients, large surface area

small instestine

lymphatic vessel in small intestine villi

lacteals

multiped pathogens like to target what region of SI?

high density GALT tissue like ileum

normal gut bacteria that causes disease from toxins when overgrowth occurs

Clostridial enteritis

damage to this SI cell causes diarrhea and dehydration

absorptive cells

damage to this SI cell impairs regeneration and causes severe disease

progenitor cells

highly contagious. Clinical disease causes high mortality in puppies 6wk-6mnth.

canine parvovirus-2

How is canine parvovirus-2 transmitted?

fecal oral

multiple vaccinations needed to ensure puppies are protected from this disease.

Canine Parvovirus-2

increased muscosal permeability, mucosal hypersecretion, malabsorption/maldigestion

mechanisms of diarrhea

damaged to epithelial cells, loss of fluid and protien

diarrhea from increased mucosal permeability

bacteria on enterocyte surface, enterotoxins stimulate hypersecretion

diarrhea from mucosal hypersecretion

atrophy of intestinal villi, often older animals. Johne’s disease

diarrhea from malabsorption and digestion

viral infection of rapidly dividing progenitor crypt cells. Causes Acute Nectrotizing and hemorrhagic enterisis

canine parvovirus-2

Why is canine parvovirus-2 is predisposed to opportunitic and secondary bacterial sepsis?

Mucosal erosion from crypt necrosis

clinical disease and mortality in young kittens. Hemorrhagic enteritis. Targets bone marrow. Highly contagious.

Feline parvovirus

Feline Parvovirus affects rapidly diving cells in bone marrow depletion of blood cell precursors and is also know as what?

Feline panleukopenia

caused by warm standing water. gastrointestinal form most common in dogs. Thickening and ulceration. Granulomatous nodules. Often rapid and fatal.

Intestinal Pythiosis

Intestinal Pythiosis is caused by what?

Pythium insidiosum

Intestinal Pythiosis in dogs is aquired from what?

drinking warm standing water

Intussusception

telescoping of the intestines

telescoping of the intestine.

instussusception

heavy nematode burdens, Canine parvovirus-2, or foreign body ingestion can cause what?

intussusception

intussusception is most common in what species?

dogs and cats

functions in water and electrolyte absorption

colon

VFAs, produced in the cecum are the main source of energy for who?

Hindgut fermenters

this mucosa does not have villi

colonic mucosa

dysbiosis and intestinal hypomotility. multifactorial caused in rabbits. Stress, pain, inadequate fiber, ect.

Gastrointestinal Stasis

rabbits cannot be given oral penicillin and instead get injections due to this syndrome.

Gastrointestinal Stasis

synthesis and secretion of digestive enzymes in pancreas

exocrine function

production of insulin, glucagon, somatostatin in islet of Langerhans of pancreas

endocrine function

packaged precusors to enzymes in pancreas

zymogen granules

zymogen granules are

packaged precursors to enzymes

enzymes are stored in inactive from to avoid this

pancreatic autodigestion

this pancreas specific enzyme activated cascaded to allow controlled release

trypsin

precursor to trypsin

trypsinogen

pancreas accumulated excess of this and secretes it into the pancreatic juice

zinc

fast autolysis in pancreas post mortem causes this often non significant artifiact

interstitial hemorrhage

self digestion of cells by their own enzymes

autolysis