Learn: BMS 307 exam 1

simple squamous epithelium

Single layer of flat cells

Allows for exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and gases

simple squamous cells

Alveoli, bowmans capsule, capillaries, endothelium of vasculature

stratified squamous epithelium

Multiple layers of squamous cells

Can be keratinized or non-keratinized

Non-Keratinized stratified squamous

Has nucleus, protects

found in mouth, anus, vagina

Keratinized stratified squamous

No nucleus, protects from water

found on skin

Simple cuboidal

One layer, cube shaped

Secretion and absorption

simple cuboidal cells

Kidney tubules, common bile duct

Simple columnar

Single layer of column cells

Aids in absorption and secretions

simple columnar cells

Lines the intestinal tract (stomach, small intestines, large intestine)

Microvilli

Increases surface ares for absorption

pseudostratified columnar epithelium

One layer of cells, but appears as multiple

Goblet cells secrete mucus to fight bacteria, and cillia structure collects particles to protect

pseudostratified columnar cells

Upper respiratory tract, trachea

Cillia

Structure on apical surface of columnar epithelium to catch bacteria and foreign particles and secrete mucus

Transitional

Multiple layer to allow for stretching

Stretches as volume within bladder changes

Transitional cells

bladder

Anatomy

the study of the relationship between body parts

Cytology

study of cells

Histology

study of tissues

Surface anatomy

refers to the superficial anatomical markings

Regional anatomy

refers to all structures in a specific area of the body, whether they are superficial or deep

Systemic anatomy

The study of the organ systems of the body

anatomical position

body erect

head, eyes, palms, and toes face forward

Arms at side

Back

posterior (dorsal)

front

anterior (ventral)

above

superior

below

inferior

head

cranial

rear

caudal

to the side of the body

lateral

middle

medial

proximal

above

distal

below

Median plane

vertical direction

intersects anterior and posterior midline

divides body into left and right halves

frontal plane

vertical direction

divides body into anterior and posterior parts

Transverse plane

horizontal direction

divides body into superior and interior parts

lying on back

supine

lying on stomach

prone

lateral rotation

rotation away from the midline

medial rotation

Rotation toward the midline

circumduction

circular movement of a limb

dorsiflexion and plantarflexion

up and down movement of the foot

Inversion

turning inward

eversion

turning outward

Elevation Movement

superior movement of body part (raising shoulders)

Depression Movement

inferior movement of body (mouth opening)

Protrusion

moving jaw forward

Retrusion

moving jaw back

protraction

moving a part forward (pushing forward with shoulders)

Retraction

moving a part backward (pushing shoulder back)

3 types of connective tissue

skeletal

Cardiac

Smooth

Skeletal muscle

striated and voluntary

moves or stabilizes the position of the skeleton

skeletal muscle

combined with connective tissues and neural tissue in skeleton

Smooth muscle

has striations and intercalated discs, involuntary

Moves food , urine, and reproductive tract secretions

smooth muscle

in the walls of blood vessels and throughout internal organs

cardiac muscle

end of cells are pointy

circulates blood; maintains blood pressure

cardiac muscle

heart

neurons

maintain charge across membrane

communication via specialized chemicals

unipolar, bipolar, multipolar

Glial Cells

supporting cells

Schwann cells

Supporting cells of the peripheral nervous system responsible for the formation of myelin.

layers of skin

epidermis, dermis, hypodermis

epidermis

Outer layer of skin

Keratinized epithelium

5 layers of skin

move superficially as growth occurs

avascular

Epidermis Layers

Stratum Corneum

Stratum lucidum

Stratum granlosum

Straum spiosum

Stratum Germinativum

Stratum germinativum (basale)

bottom of epidermis (base)

cells are cuboidal/columnar shape

Keratinocytes/melanocytes

Stratum Spinosum

several layers thick

Keratinocytes

Distinct intercellular attachment

Responsible for strength of skin

stratum granulosum

3-5 layers thick

Keratohyalin granules present

cells are flattened/dying

stratum lucidum

present only in thick skin

high concentration of immature keratin

cellular organelles disrupted

ex:sole of foot

Stratum corneum

cells are "bags" of keratin

Keratin is combined with glycolipid to add water resistance

ex: dandruff

Dermis

Connective tissue under epidermis

Hypodermis (subcutaneous layer)

Loose connective tissue

Immune system, blood cells, adipocytes

appendage

hair, sweat glands, nails

Hair

Embedded in epithelial pockets (follicles)

Hair root

portion within follicle, forms hair bulb

Hair growth process

Active- mitosis occuring, hair is growing (longest portion of cycle)

Resting- Mitosis stopped, club hair occupies follicle (cuts hair from blood supply)

Hair types

terminal- typical hair of scalp

vellus- "peach fuzz" present on infant

Intermediate- growth associated with sex hormones

Sebaceous Glands

oil glands

not present at nipple, glands, labia

merocrine sweat glands

tubular shape with myoeplithelial cells

Merocrine type secretion

Nails

plates of hard keratin

act to protect skin

prevent distortion of finger and toe tips

Nail Root

Matrix- hard keratin, germinative zone

nail bed

Eponychium- Cutical

Hyponychium- thick skin under "free edge" of nail

growth of Integumentary System

Epidermis becomes thinner

Dermis becomes thinner

Vitamin D production declines

Melanocyte activity declines

Glandular activity declines

hair follicles stop functioning

Skin repair slows down

cervical vertebrae

C3-C7

Capable of wide range of movement

Extension, flexion, lateral flexions

thoracic vertebrae

T1-T12

Some extension, flexion, lateral flexion and rotation

lumbar vertebrae

L1-L5 fused

Some extension, flexion, little lateral flexion, very limited rotation

coccygeal vertebrae

3-5 fused

Scoliosis

excessive lateral curvature of the spine

kyphosis

excessive thoracic curvature (humpback)

lordosis

excessive lumbar curvature (sway-back)

Spinous process of vertebra

muscle and ligament attachment sites

Lamina

part of the vertebral arch

transverse process

two lateral projections from the vertebral arch

pedicle

intervertebral discs

contributes to 25% of total length of spine

-Annulus fibrosus

-Nucleus pulposus

annulus fibrosus

Fribrocartilage

Neucleus pulposus

-jelly-like material that holds water

-Swells during periods of recumbency(lying down)

-May herniate

Inferior articular process

Serratus Posterior Superior

Attachment: Nuchal ligament, C7-T3

Insertion: 2nd-4th ribs

Innervation: Spinal, T2-T5

Action- Elevates ribs

Blood supply: Superior intercostal artery via the dorsal rami of the upper two posterior intercostal arteries

Serratus Posterior inferior

Attachment: T11-L2

Insertion: 8th and 12th rib

Innervation: Spinal, T9-T12

Action: Depresses ribs

Blood supply: lowest posterior intercostal artery, subcostal artery, first 2 lumbar arteries

Spinal cord

has 31 pairs of spinal nerves

Cauda equina- L2 to coccyx

pia mater

thin, delicate inner membrane of the meninges

arachnoid mater

weblike middle layer of the three meninges

subarachnoid space

contains cerebrospinal fluid, between pia and arachnoid matter