10.1 Photosynthesis converting light

Photosynthesis

is the process that converts radiant energy (light) into chemical energy (bonds of molecules)

Photosythesis produces what for every living organism on the planet

food

autotrophs

organisms that sustain themselves without eating anything derived from other organism (produce their own foods)

Producers

produce organic molecules from CO₂ and other inorganic compounds

Photoautotroph

(almost all plants) use the energy of sunlight to make organic molecules

Heterotrophs

are organism that obtain organic materials from other organisms

Heterotrophs are

consumers of the biosphere

All heterotrophs depend on

photoautotrophs for food and O₂

Chloroplasts

are the site of photosynthesis and likely evolved from photosynthetic cyanobacteria

Chlorophyll

the green pigment found in chloroplast

chloroplasts are found mainly in

mesophyll cell on the interior of the leaf

each mesophyll contains

30-40 chloroplasts

Stomata

located under the leaf and are what CO₂ and O₂ enter through

the chlorophyll is in the membranes

of thylakoids

thylakoids

connected membranous sacs in the chloroplast, and they are stacked in columns called grana

Stroma

dense interior fluid in the chloroplast

what is this the formula for

photosynthesis

why is glucose circled

technically a three carbon sugar is the direct product but it is used to make glucose

Why does water appear on both sides of the photosynthesis reaction

12 molecules of water are formed and 6 molecules are formed during photosynthesis

what is this

the fully reduced photosynthesis formula

Chloroplasts split

H₂O into hydrogen and oxygen, incorporating the electrons of hydrogen into sugar

it took many years to provide enough evidence to show

that it was H₂O being split and not CO₂

The conclusive experiment used

oxygen 18 as a tracer to follow the fate of oxygen atoms in photosynthesis

what is this a summary of

the oxygen tracer experiment where the red is ¹⁸O

the extracting of hydrogen

from water and is incorporated into sugar

what are the reactants

CO₂ and H₂O

products

glucose, water, and oxygen

the hydrogens and oxygens from water in the reactants is

split into the sugar, water product, and oxygen

Photosynthesis reverses

the direction of electron flow compared to that of cellular respiration

in photosynthesis H₂O

is oxidized

In photosynthesis CO₂

is reduced

photosynthesis is

an endergonic process, the energy comes from the sun

Photosynthesis consists of

light reactions (photo) and Calvin Benson Cycle (synthesis part)

Light reactions take place

in the thylakoids

the light reactions include

• the splitting H₂O

• the release of O₂

• the reduction of NADP+ to NADPH

• the generation of ATP from ADP by photophosphorylation

the calvin benson cycle occurs

in the stroma

The Calvin-Benson Cycle begins

with carbon fixation which is the incorporation of atmospheric CO2 into organic molecules

the Calvin-Benson Cycle reduces

CO₂ to form sugar (C6H12O6) using the energy from the hydrolysis of ATP and the reducing power of NADPH

ATP and NADPH

are both generated from light reactions

the Calvin benson cycle produces

CH₂O