Intro to Biology 5 & 6

What is the primary difference between global warming and climate change?

Global warming refers to temperature increases; climate change includes a wider range of effects

Which of the following is not a characteristic typically used to define climate?

Wind speed

What is the biosphere?

The sum of locations where life exists on Earth

Why is the climate of Earth important to the biosphere?

Life depends on climate stability

What causes the Earth’s seasonal changes?

Earth’s tilt on its axis

What level of biological organization includes interactions among multiple species?

Community

What type of interactions might occur within a biological community?

Predation and mutualism

Which term refers to gases that trap heat near the Earth’s surface?

Greenhouse gases

Which of the following is not a greenhouse gas?

Oxygen

What is the greenhouse effect?

The trapping of heat in the lower atmosphere by certain gases

Why is carbon dioxide considered important even in small concentrations?

It absorbs infrared energy efficiently

Which of the following is a major source of atmospheric CO₂?

Fossil fuel combustion

What human activity contributes significantly to rising methane levels?

Agriculture and decay of organic material

What makes methane a potent greenhouse gas?

It can absorb 30x more heat than CO₂

Which of the following shows a direct correlation with increased CO₂ levels?

Higher global temperatures

What happens when CO₂ dissolves in the oceans?

It forms carbonic acid, lowering pH

What is one consequence of ocean acidification?

Shell formation in marine life is hindered

What natural reservoir acts as a heat sink on Earth?

Oceans

Which of the following is evidence of climate change?

Increased frequency of heat waves

Which of these is not strongly linked to climate change?

Tornado frequency

What is the trend observed in Arctic sea ice since the 1970s?

Decreasing ice coverage

What is one role of photosynthesis in the carbon cycle?

  Removes CO₂ from the atmosphere

Which cells in plants carry out the majority of photosynthesis?

Mesophyll cells

Which structure in the chloroplast is responsible for capturing solar energy?

Thylakoid

In which part of photosynthesis is CO₂ fixed into carbohydrates?

Calvin cycle

What is the definition of climate?

Average weather patterns in a region over time

Which gas is NOT a greenhouse gas?

  Nitrogen

What is the primary cause of Earth's seasonal changes?

Earth’s tilt on its axis

What part of the biosphere plays a major role in removing carbon dioxide?

Photosynthetic organisms

What does the greenhouse effect do?

Traps heat near Earth’s surface

Which greenhouse gas is most effective at trapping heat short-term?

Methane

The majority of Earth’s heat comes from:

  Solar radiation

Which process releases carbon back into the atmosphere?

  Cellular respiration

What major role do oceans play in climate regulation?

Acting as heat sinks

Increased ocean acidity affects which organisms the most?

Shell-forming organisms

The carbon cycle connects which two biological processes?

  Photosynthesis and cellular respiration

Carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere have been steadily increasing since:

1950s

Which of the following is a long-term carbon sink?

Oceans

What human action contributes most to increased CO₂?

  Burning fossil fuels

What is a carbon footprint?

  A calculation of an entity’s carbon emissions

Which diet contributes the least to a carbon footprint?

Vegetarian

Which alternative energy source is not renewable?

Nuclear

What is the purpose of geoengineering?

  Modify Earth’s systems to reduce climate change

What gas forms carbonic acid in oceans?

Carbon dioxide

What is one major threat to global biodiversity from climate change?

Habitat loss

Invasive species are often introduced by:

Human activity

Which vector-borne diseases are increasing due to climate change?

  Zika and Lyme disease

What does the Calvin Cycle do in plants?

  Fixes carbon into sugars

Which part of a plant cell contains chloroplasts?

  Mesophyll cells

Which fossil fuel is formed from buried plant material under heat and pressure?

All of the above

Climate change can increase the frequency of which events?

  Extreme precipitation and heat waves

What is the role of ATP and NADPH in photosynthesis?

  Energy storage for Calvin Cycle

Which type of radiation is primarily absorbed by greenhouse gases?

Infrared

What is one major challenge to implementing climate technology solutions?

Public resistance and cost

Which region is experiencing both increased precipitation and warming?

Central U.S. and Northeast

Which of the following is only true of RNA, but not DNA?

Adenine pairs with uracil.

Which of the following types of cells would a flu virus most likely target as the means of entry into the body?

epithelial cells lining the respiratory system

Which of the following is a characteristic of all living things?

All living things maintain a constant internal environment.

All viruses are made up of two components. What are they?

a protein capsid and genetic material, in the form of either RNA or DNA

Why are viruses not classified as living organisms?

They cannot reproduce independently

In the ……………………… cycle, following penetration into the cell, the viral DNA integrates into the host cell's DNA. the virus remains inactive (or latent).

lysogenic

What happens during the lytic cycle of a virus?

The virus rapidly uses the host cell to produce new viruses

How does the lysogenic cycle contribute to genetic variation in the host organism over time?

By adding viral genes to the host cell’s DNA, which can be passed to daughter cells

What is the role of the envelope in some viruses like the influenza virus?

It assists in attaching to and entering host cells

What is the main function of a virus?

To reproduce within a host cell

Which of the following components do all viruses have?

Genetic material and capsid

Which of the following best describes the lysogenic cycle?

The virus integrates its DNA into the host cell’s DNA and remains dormant

The cycle of viral infection that will rapidly result in the death of a bacterial cell is called the ________ cycle.

lytic

What triggers a virus in the lysogenic cycle to enter the lytic cycle?

 Environmental factors, such as stress or UV ligh

What is the primary cause of all forms of the flu, including bird flu, swine flu, and H1N1?

Virus 

What are the two types of spikes found on the surface of influenza A viruses?

 Hemagglutinin and neuraminidase

During which stage of the lytic cycle does the virus inject its genetic material into the host cell?

Penetration

Which of these is the best description of a virus?

chemical complexes of RNA or DNA protected by a protein shell

In the lytic cycle, what happens to the host cell after the virus replicates?

The host cell bursts, releasing new viruses

Which cells are primarily targeted by the influenza virus?

Epithelial cells in the respiratory system

What is the main role of cytokines released by the immune system in response to the flu?

To trigger symptoms like fever, muscle aches, and chills

What distinguishes RNA viruses like the flu virus from other viruses?

They must convert RNA to DNA before protein synthesis

Giant viruses are challenging the historical notion that viruses are nonliving things. What characteristic do giant viruses possess that make scientists think twice about their classification?

They have the ability to manufacture their own proteins without the help of a host cell.

What is the correct sequence of events in viral reproduction?

attachment, penetration, biosynthesis, maturation and release

………………………….act as an alarm to the organ systems of the body, alerting them that a pathogen is present. 

Cytokines

Aluminum salts: 

Enhances the ability of the immune system to detect the virus. Some vaccinations are aluminum-free.

True

Vaccinations expose the immune system to an antigen specific to a pathogen, without causing the associated diseas. the first exposure  is more rapid and effective due to the initial exposure.

False

Histamine: Acts as a signal to nearby cells that a cell has been infected by a virus.

False

one Contents of a Flu Shot is Antibiotics that  Stabilize the vaccine and protect it from temperature variations during storage.

False

The defenses that act as general defenses, meaning they are not targeting a specific pathogen, are collectively called the Adaptive defenses.

False

Newer vaccines are being designed to use other proteins within the capsid of the virus as the basis for programming the adaptive responses. These proteins, sometimes called core proteins

True

The chemical signals of the immune response are collectively called cytokines. A cytokine is a small protein that is usually involved in a local response to a pathogen

True

Two different forms of vaccine are used each year,   trivalent and quadrivalent 

True

In 1918, a variant of the H1N1 influenza virus (the "Spanish flu") infected over 500 million people across the globe, or one-third of the world's population at that time.

True

Neutrophils remove dead cells, wound debris, and any pathogens in the area by phagocytosis

True

Why are new flu vaccinations required for each new flu season?

The flu virus mutates frequently enough that last year's vaccination will no longer target currently circulating flu strains.

Antigens are

foreign molecules that bind to white blood cells through specialized receptors, leading to the proliferation of lymphocytes.

Which of the following is/are true about natural selection?

On average, it favors the survival of individuals that have adaptive characteristics.

When two different forms of a virus infect the same cell, the host cell may manufacture viral particles from both viruses to reassemble them into a new form of virus. This process is called ________.

antigenic shift

occurs when there are small changes in the surface spikes of the influenza virus. This is an example of ________.

antigenic drift

There are two basic methods by which the influenza virus changes its genetic information antigenic shift and antigenic drift

True

Glycoproteins located along the plasma membrane of the cell act as identification tags.

True

Getting a flu vaccine guarantees individuals will not get the flu.

False

Vaccinations contain activated viruses

False