Quantitative Research Methods and Statistics Review

Fill-in-the-blank practice flashcards covering research design, descriptive statistics, probability distributions, and sampling methods.

During the first 30 minutes of the daily four-hour study structure, students should __________ without looking at notes.

recall yesterday's material

The eight-stage research process begins with theory and ends with __________.

draw conclusions

The process of translating an abstract concept into a measurable variable is called __________.

operationalization

In research design, the factor believed to influence or explain an outcome is the __________ variable.

independent

The consistency of a measurement when tested repeatedly is known as __________.

reliability

Whether a measurement actually measures what it is supposed to measure is termed __________.

validity

The three requirements for establishing a cause-and-effect relationship are correlation, time order, and __________.

non-spuriousness

A relationship where a factor changes the likelihood of an outcome rather than guaranteeing it is a(n) __________ relationship.

probabilistic

In a frequency table, the formula to calculate percentage is $\text{Percentage} = \frac{f}{N} \times \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_$.

$$100$$

A distribution where a longer tail extends toward higher values is described as __________ skewed.

positively

A(n) __________ plot organizes numerical scores while keeping the original values visible.

stem-and-leaf

The arithmetic average of a dataset calculated by dividing the sum of values by $N$ is the __________.

mean

The middle value after arranging scores from lowest to highest is the __________.

median

The interquartile range measures the spread of the middle $50\%$ of data and is calculated as $IQR = Q_3 - \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_$.

$$Q_1$$

The formula for calculating population variance is $\sigma^2 = \frac{\sum(X - \mu)^2}{\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_}$.

$$N$$

According to the empirical rule, approximately __________$\%$ of data in a normal distribution falls within $1\text{ SD}$ of the mean.

$$68$$

According to the empirical rule, approximately __________$\%$ of data in a normal distribution falls within $2\text{ SD}$ of the mean.

$$95$$

In a normal distribution, the area between the mean and $+1\text{ SD}$ represents __________$\%$ of the distribution.

$$34$$

Given a mean income of \\$295 and a standard deviation of \\$20, the income located at $-2\text{ SD}$ is __________.

$$255$$

A measured characteristic describing an entire population is called a(n) __________.

parameter

A measured characteristic describing a sample selected from a population is called a(n) __________.

statistic

The sampling method where a researcher divides the population into subgroups and randomly samples from each is called __________ sampling.

stratified

The sampling interval in systematic sampling is calculated using the formula $k = \frac{N}{\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_}$.

$$n$$

If a researcher selects a sample of $n = 200$ from a population of $N = 20{,}000$ Brock students, the sampling interval $k$ is equal to __________.

$$100$$