102 Basal Nuclei Non-Motor Functions

caudate nucleus (GWR)

goal-directed behavior, working memory, reinforcement learning

nucleus accumbens (MRRAE)

motivation, reward valuation, reinforcement learning, addiction, emotional drive

globus pallidus (external)

sleep/arousal, learning flexibility, affect

globus pallidus (internal)

reward learning, anti-distraction, strategic thinking, sleep/wake regulation

ventral pallidum (NAcc-A)

motivation, reward valuation, reinforcement learning, emotional drive

putamen (HLR)

habit formation, language cognition, reinforcement learning

subthalamic nucleus (DIMP)

decision making, impulse control, mood regulation, pausing under conflict

subthalamic nucleus*

hold your horses signal

substantia nigra pars compacta

reward prediction, error calculations, cognitive flexibility, time perception

substantia nigra pars reticulata

reward learning, anti-distraction, strategic thinking, sleep/wake regulation

ventral tegmental area (REAR)

reward prediction, error calculations, associative learning, reinforcement learning

contains most of the brain’s dopaminergic neurons (2)

SNpc and VTA

responsible for action selection in the basal ganglia (2)

GPi and SNpr