Endocrine Hormones, Glands, Receptors, and Functions

Vocabulary practice flashcards reviewing hormones, their endocrine glands of origin, target receptors, and primary physiological functions.

Prolactin (PRL)

Hormone made by the anterior pituitary gland; binds to lactotroph cells; triggers mammary gland growth.

Growth Hormone (GH)

Hormone made by the anterior pituitary gland; binds to growth hormone receptor; promotes bone and cartilage growth in children and regulates metabolism in adults.

Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

Hormone made by the anterior pituitary gland; binds to G-protein coupled receptors in target gonad cells; triggers ovulation in females; stimulates the tests to produce testosterone.

Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

Hormone made by the anterior pituitary gland; binds to FSH receptor; stimulates ovarian follicle growth in females and stimulates sperm production in males.

Interstitial Cell Stimulating Hormone (ICSH)

Hormone made by the anterior pituitary gland; binds to Leydig cells in testes/ovarian cells; stimulates the Leydig cells to produce and secrete testosterone in males and triggers LH surge that causes ovulation in females.

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

Hormone made by the anterior pituitary gland; binds to thyroid-stimulating hormone receptors; simulates production and release of thyroid hormone.

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)

Hormone made by the anterior pituitary gland; binds to melanocortin receptor 2; triggers adrenal cortex to produce and release corticosteroid hormones(cortisol).

Thyroxine (T3, T4)

Hormone made by the thyroid gland; binds to plasma proteins like TBG; regulates overall body metabolism (heart rate, digestion, muscle function, body temp).

Calcitonin

Hormone made by the thyroid gland; binds calcitonin receptors; lowers calcium and phosphorus levels when elevation.

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

Hormone made by the parathyroid glands; binds to parathyroid hormone receptors and calcium sensing receptors; maintains blood calcium homeostasis.

Melatonin

Hormone made by the pineal gland; binds to MT1 and MT2 Receptors and non-receptor actions; regulates circadian rhythm and promotes sleep.

Oxytocin

Hormone made by the hypothalamus; binds to oxytocin receptors; stimulates smooth muscle contraction in the uterus during labor and triggers lactation.

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

Hormone made by the hypothalamus; binds to V2 receptors and V1 receptors; responsible for water reabsorption, conserving water from urine, and blood pressure.

Insulin

Hormone made by the pancreas; binds to insulin receptors; regulates blood glucose, energy storage, supports metabolism.

Glucagon

Hormone made by the pancreas; binds to glucagon receptors; functions include glycogenolysis (breaking down stored glycogen), gluconeogenesis, and ketogenesis.

Aldosterone

Hormone made by the adrenal gland; binds to mineralocorticoid receptors; sodium retention, water balance, and potassium excretion.

Cortisol

Hormone made by the adrenal gland; binds to glucocorticoid receptors; stress response, glucose metabolism, blood pressure regulation.

Androgens

Hormones made by the adrenal cortex; bind to androgen receptors; functions are the formation of male genitalia/sperm production, reproductive development (muscle mass development, voice deepening).

Testosterone

Hormone made by the testes; binds to androgen/estrogen receptors and plasma proteins; reproductive and sexual development.

Estrogen

Hormone made by the ovaries; binds to estrogen receptors; regulates female reproductive system (menstrual cycle and ovulation) and drives secondary female sex characteristics.

Progesterone

Hormone made by the corpus luteum; binds to progesterone receptors; regulates menstrual cycle, supports pregnancy, and promotes mammary gland development.

CCK, Secretin

Hormones made by I cells and S cells in small intestine; bind to CCK1 and CCK 2 receptors/secretin receptors; stimulates gallbladder contraction and release of bile/stimulate pancreas to secrete bicarbonate-rich fluid for neutralizing acidic chyme.