Chem

prefixes and ch. 4-5 content

Giga “G”

10⁹

Mega “M”

10⁶

Kilo “k”

10³

Deci “d”

10^-1

Centi “c”

10^-2

Milli “m”

10^-3

Micro “μ”

10^-6

Nano “n”

10^-9

Pico “p”

10^-12

Femto “f”

10^-15

Atto “a”

10^-18

NO₂^-

nitrite

NO₃^-

nitrate

SO₃^2-

sulfite

SO₄^2-

sulfate

PO₄^3-

phosphate

OH^-

hydroxide

NH₄⁺

ammonium

CO₃^2-

carbonate

ClO^-

hypochlorite

ClO₂^-

chlorite

ClO₃^-

chlorate

ClO₄^-

perchlorate

CrO₄^2-

chromate

Cr₂O₇^2-

dichromate

MnO₄^-

permanganate

C₂H₃O₂^-

acetate

O₂^2-

peroxide

CN^-

cyanide

SCN^-

thiocyanate

HSO₄^-

hydrogen sulfate

S₂O₃^2-

thiosulfate

H₃O⁺

hydronium

C₂O₄^2-

oxalate

HCO₃^-

hydrogen carbonate/bicarbonate

BO₃^3-

borate

what is used when naming transition metals

roman numerals

what elements can form more than 1 cation?

transition metals

acids

substance w/ 1+ H ions that can be lost

Ex.

-HBrO

-HClO₃

-HNO₂

binary acids

H⁺ and 1 other element

naming binary acids

hyro-(root)-ic acid

naming acid w/ ions

-ic if ending of ion is -ate

-ous if ending of ion is -ite

covalent-electronegativity

<0.5

polar covalent-electronegativity

between 0.5-2.0

ionic-electronegativity

>2.0

naming binary compounds

prefix-1st element (space) 2nd element-ide

mono

1

di

2

tri

3

tetra

4

penta

5

hexa

6

hepta

7

octa

8

nona

9

deca

10

formal charges

E_v-(1/2E_b+E_u)

exception to octet rule

-molecules with odd # electrons

-atoms of n>or=3

-molecules with atoms having <8 electrons total

linear degrees

180

trigonal planar degrees

120

bent degrees

120

tetrahedral degrees

109.5

trigonal pyramidal degrees

109.5

bent degrees

120

trigonal bipyramidal degrees

180, 120, 90

seesaw degrees

<90, <120, <180

t-shaped degrees

<90, 180

octahedral degrees

180, 90

square pyramidal degrees

90

square planar degrees

90

linear molecular geometry

AB₂E₀

AB₂E₃

trigonal planar molecular geometry

AB₃E₀

bent molecular geometry

AB₂E₁

AB₂E₂

tetrahedral molecular geometry

AB₄E₀

trigonal pyramidal molecular geometry

AB₃E₁

trigonal bipyramidal molecular geometry

AB₅E₀

seesaw molecular geometry

AB₄E₁

T-shaped molecular geometry

AB₃E₂

octahedral molecular geometry

AB₆E₀

square pyramidal molecular geometry

AB₅E₁

square planar molecular geometry

AB₄E₂

sigma bonds

first bonds that form

maximum overlap

pi bonds

2 p orbitals

sideways overlap

AB₂E₀ hybridized

sp

AB₃E₀ hybridized

sp²

AB₂E₁ hybridized

sp²

AB₄E₀ hybridized

sp³

AB₃E₁ hybridized

sp³

AB₂E₂ hybridized

sp³

AB₅E₀ hybridized

sp³d

AB₄E₁ hybridized

sp³d

AB₃E₂ hybridized

sp³d

AB₂E₃ hybridized

sp³d

AB₆E₀ hybridized

sp³d²

AB₅E₁ hybridized

sp³d²

AB₄E₂ hybridized

sp³d²

delocalized electrons

in resonance, electrons can be anywhere throughout the ion

atomic orbital

allowed E state for an electron in an atom

molecular orbital

allowed E state for an electron in a molecule

bonding

hybrid orbitals

#atomic orbitals=

#molecular orbitals