Extra credit lecture flash cards

RAAS feedback loop

ADH feedback loop

ANP feedback loop

Filtration membrane parts and functions

Are selective barriers between the blood (glomerulus) + bowman’s space

1) fenestrated endothelium- wall of the glomerulus

Prevents blood cells from entering the filtrate

2) Fused/double basal lamina/ basement membrane

(-) charge (most proteins are (-) charged)

Prevents large proteins from entering the filtrate

3) Slit membrane - created by podocytes

(-) charge

Prevents medium sized proteins from entering the filtrate

Formula: Filtrate = Blood - Blood Cells - Large + Medium sized proteins

Summary nephron

pH flow diagram

Describe the following stages of urine formation: filtration, reabsorption, and secretion. What is the conceptual formula that describes the volume of fluid that is excreted?

1) glomerular filtration - from the glomerulus into the bowman’s capsule

-180L/day

-filtered

-most chemicals in the blood are “goodies” and “baddies”

2) tubular reabsorption - from tubule back into the blood

-178.5 L/day

-reabsorption

-reclaiming the “goodies” ( salts, H2O, glucose, amino acids)

-especially @ the PCT)

3) tubular secretion - from the blood into the tubule

-”baddies”: H+, K+, drugs

-secretion

-when secreted → excreted

formula:

excretion= filtration - reabsorption + secretion

Describe the complete hormonal mechanisms of the RAAS, ADH, and ANP. Which of these hormones affect blood volume, blood pressure, urine volume, and blood osmolarity? What is effective circulating volume?

peripheral vasodilation: ANP

salt loss in urine: ANP

decrease in blood volume: ADH, RAAS (Aldo, Ang II)

decrease in blood pressure: ANP

decrease un blood osmolarity: ADH

an increase in thirst: ADH, Ang II

concentration in urine : ADH

Effective circulating volume is Effective arterial blood volume (80-180 mmHg)

What are some causes, signs and symptoms associated with dehydration and overhydration, hyponatremia, hypernatremia, hyperkalemia, hypokalemia, as well as other electrolyte disorders mentioned in lecture.

What are the different subcategories of acidosis and alkalosis? What are specific causes of acidosis and alkalosis? How are each of these situations compensated? For each situation, what would be the person’s blood pH, expected carbon dioxide levels, and expected bicarbonate levels?

A persons expected levels

pH : 7.35-7.45

CO2: 35-45 mmHg

HCO3-: 22-26

Describe how the kidneys would compensate during respiratory acidosis compared to respiratory alkalosis?

during respiratory acidosis- the kidneys compensate by metabolic alkalosis

So the kidneys intercalated cells will increase HCO3- reabsorption and production and increase H+ secretion

during respiratory alkalosis- the kidneys compensate by metabolic acidosis

so the kidneys intercalated disc will decrease HCO3- reabsorption and production and decrease H+ secretion