Prep for Exam II

Who conducted the classic experiment addressing the power of peer pressure that included six stooges and one actual test subject viewing cards with lines of varying length?

Solomon Asch

What did the Solomon Asch experiment on group conformity demonstrate?

Because of group pressure, most people are willing to say things they know are not true.

Sociologically, what term best applies to a group of people who share no common destination taking an elevator from the first floor of a large high rise ?

an aggregate

What term best applies to people who share a culture and territory?

society

Which society is characterized as being the most egalitarian, nomadic, and consisting of 25 to 40 members?

the hunting and gathering society

The first social revolution, the domestication of animals and plants, occurred approximately ________ years ago.

10,000

A society that is based on the harnessing of machines powered by fuels is called a[n] ________ society.

industrial

The dawn of civilization is most associated with which social revolution?

agricultural

Because of our sense of belonging and loyalty to in-groups, we often tend to judge our own group's traits as virtues, but see the same traits in other groups as vices. This judgment of superiority is an example of ________.

a double standard

With the domestication of plants and animals, a number of significant social changes occurred. Which of the following was not one of these?

societies became more egalitarian

Kody is a member of the L.A. Crips. The other gangs in his territory are the Bloods and Satan's Slaves. Kody feels very antagonistic towards the Bloods and the Slaves. For Kody, these two rival gangs would be considered ________.

out-groups

In group decision making, a form of tunnel vision that develops in which suggested alternatives are perceived as signs of disloyalty is called ________.

groupthink

In Professor Jones' social problems course the students interact freely with one another, think of themselves as Dr. J's class, and feel they are significant because of their mutual interest in social reform. In view of this which concept best describes Dr. Jones' class?

group

Why did the creation of the industrial society create such a greater imbalance of social inequality?

The new technology was far more efficient than anything that preceded it.

What is the key feature of post-industrial societies as it relates to the work force?

The transmission and use of information services dominated the work force.

A group characterized by intimate, long-term, face-to-face association and cooperation is referred to as a ________.

primary group

When criticizing Milgram's experiment on small group phenomenon, Kleinfeld made the analogy that we live is a world that looks a lot like ________.

a bowl of clumpy oatmeal

What are the two characteristics a people must share to qualify as a society?

the same culture and the same territory

Some social analysts believe that post-industrial society will be followed by a bioeconomic society. Such a society would be characterized by ________.

an economy centering around the application of genetic structures

How would an organization minimize group think from occurring?

By giving free rein to diverse opinions.

The theory developed by Robert Merton is based on the idea that most people want to attain cultural goals, but not everyone has the legitimate means of achieving them is ________ theory.

strain

Which of the following acts does not qualify as a white collar crime?

robbing the first national bank

The term white collar crime was coined by sociologist ________ to refer to crimes that people of respectable social status commit in the course of their occupation.

Edwin Sutherland

According to strain theory, the underlying cause of deviance is that people experience a sense of normlessness. This sense of normlessness is referred to as ________.

anomie

The early sociologist who argued that deviance may be functional for society was ________.

Emile Durkheim

How a society treats its deviants is one measure of how humane it is. What would an examination of prisons and mental hospitals in the United States suggest regarding this standard?

They are both used as warehouse for the unwanted.

Conflict theorists classify the few who own the means of production as ________ and those who sell their labor to these owners as ________.

capitalists; the working class

According to sociologist Martin Jankowski, boys in urban areas are motivated to join gangs for a number of reasons. Which of the following reasons least qualifies as one of the reasons Jankowski discovered why urban youth join gangs?

to escape broken homes

Cloward and Ohlin addressed the street hustler as a role model for youth and the methods used to earn easy money through a life of crime. What did they call this career path of delinquency?

illegitimate opportunity structure

The concept of the relativity of deviance is best illustrated by which of the following statements?

It is not the act itself, but the reaction of others to the act that makes it deviant.

How would conflict theorists classify migrant workers, seasonal employees, and members of the workforce who are subject to layoffs?

marginal working class

In an effort to resist the label of deviant, most people will develop rationales to justify their deviant acts. Sykes and Matza refer to these rationales as ________.

techniques of neutralization

Differential association theory was developed by sociologist ________.

Edwin Sutherland

The two disciplines that would be most concerned with addressing qualities within the individual to explain deviant behavior are ________ and ________.

sociobiology; psychology

What is a group's formal and informal means of enforcing norms called?

social control

Of the following, the crime with the highest rearrest rate within three years of release from prison is ________.

car theft

Which of the following theories of deviance is least associated with sociobiology?

social learning theory: we learn deviance from our peers

The term degradation ceremony was coined by sociologist ________.

Harold Garfinkel

Explanations for deviance that focus on genetic predispositions to explain why individuals commit deviant acts are most aligned with which discipline?

biology

The total prison and jail population in the United States totals approximately ________ which is one out of every 143 Americans.

2,000,000

If 100 working-class people move upward on the class ladder and, at the same time, 100 middle class people experience downward mobility, sociologists would consider this to be an example of ________ mobility.

exchange

What are the four variables Gilbert and Kahl used to develop a six-class model to reflect the class structure of the United States and other capitalist countries?

education, power, property, prestige

John worked at a steel mill for 25 years. A recessionary economy and competition with foreign steelmakers forced the closing of the mill. At the age of 45, John is unable to find work in his town, lives in poverty and must go on welfare. What is the most likely cause of John's poverty?

Changes in the social structure are the most likely cause.

Eric Wright revised Marx's concept of social classes by regarding some people as simultaneously occupying more than one class. He termed their positions in the class structure ________.

contradictory class locations

What does status inconsistency refer to in relation to social stratification?

Individuals are ranked high on one dimension of social class and low on other dimensions.

Which statement regarding the nation's income is most accurate?

The top twenty percent of Americans earn nearly half the income.

What is the relationship between social class and the likelihood of embracing deferred gratification?

The higher one's social class, the more likely they will embrace deferred gratification.

Phil, a janitor for an expensive apartment-house complex in Chicago, is a union janitor who makes quite a bit more money than many of the tenants in the building he maintains. Lenski would note that Phil's high income but low occupational prestige demonstrates a condition of ________.

status inconsistency

Janelle is a professor in the department of business at the state university. She is a full professor in her department and earns $135,000 a year. According to Lenski's status inconsistency hypothesis, what is Janelle's most likely political philosophy?

conservative

What group of Americans does the author characterize as being the fallout of the postindustrial economy?

the homeless

What is Durkheim's term for a condition in which people become detached from the norms that guide their behavior?

anomie

Politically, the class of people who are more likely to feel that the government should intervene in the economy to make citizens financially secure are the ________.

working class

Which of the following individuals would have the narrowest field of eligible marriage partners based on background expectations?

Christian, the son of a CEO of a major corporation.

What is the upward or downward movement in social class by family members from one generation to the next?

intergenerational mobility

Based on the average of 60 nations, what three occupations enjoy the highest prestige ratings?

college president, supreme court judge, astronaut

What did the research by Kohn suggest as being the primary influence upon parents that they emphasized how they reared their children?

the parents' occupations

What did Higgenbothan and Weber discover about women from working-class backgrounds who now occupied professional, managerial, and administrative position in Memphis?

They were encouraged by their parents to get an education.

To determine the poverty line, the office of administration calculates a low-cost food budget for a family of specific size, then subjects that number to which modification?

It multiplies the food budget by three.

What are the three variables Max Weber identified as defining social class?

wealth, power, prestige

What is the profile of most United States presidents?

millionaire white men from old money families

Which statement is most accurate regarding the meaning of race?

Race varies, depending upon the society in which its meaning is constructed.

The relocation of Native Americans to reservations and the transfer of Americans of Japanese descent to internment camps during World War II was an example of ________.

direct transfer

Who is the best known Cablinasian?

Tiger Woods

When the Native Americans were pacified by the military in the late 1800s they were forced to learn the English language, dress like the white man, renounce their religion, and give up their customs. This was a classic example of ________.

forced assimilation

When an executioner wears a hood he is separating his true identity (the man without a hood) from the one carrying out the execution. Such behavior is part of an effort to separate one's feelings from their acts called ________.

compartmentalization

Following the bombing of Pearl Harbor, any Asian was viewed as an enemy of America. This phenomenon that occurs when one ethnic group that resembles another is also discriminated against because of mere association is called ________.

spillover bigotry

What did Ezekiel suggest as the reason that some people are attracted to racist hate groups?

Hate groups provide some people with a type of meaning in their lives.

Who was the theorist who concluded highly prejudiced people are insecure conformists?

Theodor Adorno

The systematic annihilation or attempted annihilation of a people based on their presumed race or ethnicity is called ________.

genocide

Switzerland is made up of four separate ethnic groups which have kept their own languages but are peacefully united politically and economically. This pattern of intergroup relations is an example of ________.

multiculturalism

John recently received his semester grades and found that he had failed two courses. He says the reason he failed the two courses is that they were taught by female professors. John believes that women are really not smart enough to teach at the college level. In this example, the female professors are ________.

scapegoats and being blamed for John's grades

As described in the text, what are the two myths of race?

one race is superior to another; pure races exist

Slavery and apartheid are both examples of how a country's dominant group exploits minority groups for its economic advantage. What do sociologists call this policy?

internal colonialism

While race might reflect our biological heritage, ________ reflects our cultural heritage.

ethnicity

The sociologist who argued that social class has become the most significant factor in the lives of African Americans in today's U.S. society was ________.

William Julius Wilson

The Native Americans were to the white American settlers as the ________ were to the Dutch settlers of South Africa.

Hottentots

The practice the South employed after the Civil War to segregate blacks from whites was called ________.

Jim Crow Law

What term did Louis Wirth use to define groups of people who are singled out for unequal treatment and who regard themselves as objects of collective discrimination?

minority group

In American history who were the white ethnics?

Immigrants from Europe whose language and other customs differed from the original White Anglo-Saxon Protestants.

Which phrase best describes Miss Rivers' Lodge?

a health care experiment at Tuskegee University

Another name for boomerang children is ________.

adultolescent

Although subject to debate, what does evidence suggest on the emphasis on machismo in Latino families?

It is declining with each new generation.

Of the following household responsibilities, in which is there the greatest gap in hours between the husband's duties and the wife's duties?

paid work

In Bongo Bongo male members of the tribe may each legally have three wives. This is a family relationship defined as ________.

polygyny

Sociologically, what is the immediate family of husband, wife, and children called who live apart from other kin?

the nuclear family

What is the single greatest influence of marital homogamy?

propinquity

In which family setting is -—est most likely to occur?

a nuclear family living in the inner city

In which families would elders play the most active role in rearing their grandchildren?

Native American

The percentage of married American women who have never given birth is the lowest among which ethnic or racial group?

Latinas

In the United States, what is the choice of a marriage partner most dependent upon?

It is influenced by age, education, class, race and religion.

Why do functionalists argue that the —-est taboo is a nearly universal norm?

The —-est taboo facilitates the socialization of children and avoids role confusion.

Ivan is the son of a working class parents. What is the likely method his parents will use in his rearing?

They will set limits, then permit him to choose his activities of interest.

Maria and Brian recently gave birth to their first child. Based on sociological findings, what is the likely change in the marital satisfaction that Maria and Brian feel towards one another?

It will decrease.

Sociologically, what is family?

Two or more people related by blood, marriage, or adoption.

Marianne and her children live in a neighborhood where all the families share their resources when someone needs help. The neighbors also consider themselves to be an extended family. Sociologists use the term ________ to describe these survival mechanisms.

fictive kin

Mark and Sally are married, both are working, and they chose not to have children. What classification best fits them?

They are DINKS.

Johnnie's parents were divorced three years ago. During the first year after the divorce, Johnnie's father visited him every week. Then Johnnie's father remarried and fathered another child. Now he rarely visits Johnnie. This situation is an example of ________.

serial fatherhood

In his research on family, what did sociologist Melvin Kohn discover about how parents socialize their children?

It is primarily based upon the norms of their work environment.

Among married couples, who is likely to care for preschoolers when both parents work outside the home?

organized child care facilities

The divorce rate of remarried people with children is higher than the divorce rate of first marriages. Which sentence best describes the divorce rate of remarried people without children?

It is about the same as the divorce rate of first marriages.