chapter 2

Most human body cells are [1] _____ with the [2] _____, so the [3] _____ serves as a [4] _____ for them.

1. not in direct contact | 2. external environment | 3. circulatory system | 4. transport service

The TWO fluids that move through the circulatory system are [1] _____ and [2] _____.

1. blood | 2. lymph

List the THREE basic functions of the circulatory system: transport [1] _____; remove [2] _____; help maintain [3] _____.

1. nutrients, hormones, and gases | 2. wastes | 3. constant body temperature

The circulatory system is collectively formed by the [1] _____ and the [2] _____.

1. cardiovascular system | 2. lymphatic system

The lymphatic system includes [1] _____, [2] _____, and [3] _____.

1. lymph | 2. lymph nodes | 3. lymph vessels

The cardiovascular system includes the [1] _____, [2] _____, and [3] _____.

1. heart | 2. blood vessels | 3. blood

Q: What is the cardiovascular system? A: A [1] _____ that transport [2] _____ throughout the [3] _____, including the [4] _____ and [5] _____.

1. collection of organs | 2. blood | 3. body | 4. heart | 5. blood vessels

The [1] _____ is the [2] _____ of the cardiovascular system; it [3] _____ through a network of [4] _____.

1. heart | 2. central muscular organ | 3. pumps blood | 4. blood vessels

During an average lifetime the heart beats [1] _____ times, although it is only [2] _____.

1. more than 2.5 billion | 2. slightly larger than a fist

The heart lies in the [1] _____, [2] _____ and [3] _____.

1. thoracic (chest) cavity | 2. behind the sternum (breastbone) | 3. between the two lungs

The tough, saclike membrane surrounding the heart is the [1] _____; it secretes [2] _____ to reduce [3] _____ as the heart beats.

1. pericardium | 2. fluid | 3. friction

The heart is vertically divided into [1] _____ by the [2] _____, which prevents [3] _____ from the two sides.

1. two sides | 2. septum | 3. mixing of blood

Each side of the heart has an [1] _____ and a [2] _____: the upper chamber is called the [3] _____, and the lower the [4] _____.

1. upper atrium | 2. lower ventricle | 3. atrium | 4. ventricle

Heart [1] _____ are flaps of tissue that open in [2] _____, keeping blood moving [3] _____.

1. valves | 2. only one direction | 3. one way

The [1] _____ is the [2] _____, between the [3] _____ and [4] _____.

1. right atrioventricular (AV) valve | 2. tricuspid valve | 3. right atrium | 4. right ventricle

The [1] _____ is the [2] _____, between the [3] _____ and [4] _____.

1. left atrioventricular (AV) valve | 2. bicuspid (mitral) valve | 3. left atrium | 4. left ventricle

The [1] _____ is the [2] _____, while the [3] _____ is the [4] _____.

1. right semilunar (SL) valve | 2. pulmonary valve | 3. left semilunar (SL) valve | 4. aortic valve

The [1] _____ prevent blood flowing backward into the [2] _____ when the [3] _____.

1. AV valves | 2. atria | 3. ventricles contract

When the [1] _____, blood is pumped out of the heart into [2] _____; the [3] _____ to prevent backflow to the [4] _____.

1. ventricles contract | 2. large vessels | 3. AV valves close | 4. atria

The [1] _____ separate the [2] _____ from the [3] _____ and [4] _____.

1. semilunar valves | 2. ventricles | 3. pulmonary artery | 4. aorta

The [1] _____ prevent blood flowing backward from the [2] _____ into the [3] _____ when the heart [4] _____.

1. semilunar valves | 2. large arteries | 3. ventricles | 4. relaxes

Diagram identification: heart chamber receiving body blood = [1] _____; chamber pumping to lungs = [2] _____; chamber receiving lung blood = [3] _____; chamber pumping to body = [4] _____.

1. right atrium | 2. right ventricle | 3. left atrium | 4. left ventricle

Diagram identification: at the exit of the [1] _____ is the [2] _____; at the exit of the [3] _____ is the [4] _____.

1. right ventricle | 2. pulmonary semilunar valve | 3. left ventricle | 4. aortic semilunar valve

The two general sides of blood circulation are: the heart's [1] _____ handles [2] _____, and its [3] _____ handles [4] _____.

1. right side | 2. deoxygenated blood | 3. left side | 4. oxygenated blood

Step 1 of blood flow: [1] _____ enters the [2] _____ from the [3] _____ and [4] _____.

1. deoxygenated (O2-poor) blood | 2. right atrium | 3. superior vena cava | 4. inferior vena cava

The [1] _____ carries [2] _____ from the [3] _____ to the [4] _____.

1. superior vena cava | 2. deoxygenated blood | 3. upper body | 4. right atrium

The [1] _____ carries [2] _____ from the [3] _____ to the [4] _____.

1. inferior vena cava | 2. deoxygenated blood | 3. lower body | 4. right atrium

Step 2: blood moves from the [1] _____ to the [2] _____.

1. right atrium | 2. right ventricle

Step 3: the [1] _____ contracts and forces [2] _____ into the [3] _____.

1. right ventricle | 2. deoxygenated blood | 3. pulmonary arteries

Step 4: the [1] _____ deliver [2] _____ to the [3] _____.

1. pulmonary arteries | 2. deoxygenated blood | 3. lungs

Step 5: after gas exchange, [1] _____ returns from the [2] _____ by the [3] _____ to the [4] _____.

1. oxygenated blood | 2. lungs | 3. pulmonary veins | 4. left atrium

Step 6: [1] _____ moves from the [2] _____ into the [3] _____.

1. oxygenated blood | 2. left atrium | 3. left ventricle

Step 7: contraction of the [1] _____ sends blood into the [2] _____, the [3] _____.

1. left ventricle | 2. aorta | 3. large body-supplying blood vessel

Step 8: blood travels from the [1] _____ to [2] _____, including the [3] _____ and [4] _____.

1. aorta | 2. all parts of the body | 3. coronary arteries | 4. brain

Full blood-flow route: [1] _____ → [2] _____ → [3] _____ → [4] _____ → [5] _____ → [6] _____ → [7] _____ → [8] _____ → [9] _____ → [10] _____.

1. superior/inferior venae cavae | 2. right atrium | 3. right ventricle | 4. pulmonary arteries | 5. lungs | 6. pulmonary veins | 7. left atrium | 8. left ventricle | 9. aorta | 10. body

Figure 2-2 convention: [1] _____ denotes [2] _____ and [3] _____ denotes [4] _____, even though real deoxygenated blood is [5] _____, not blue.

1. blue | 2. deoxygenated blood | 3. red | 4. oxygenated blood | 5. dark red

Q: Why is the [1] _____ the [2] _____? A: It must do the [3] _____ to pump blood to [4] _____.

1. left ventricle | 2. thickest heart chamber | 3. most work | 4. all parts of the body

Q: Why can blood look [1] _____ at some times and [2] _____ at others? A: [3] _____ binds to [4] _____ to make blood [5] _____; oxygen-poor blood is [6] _____.

1. bright red | 2. dark red | 3. Oxygen | 4. hemoglobin | 5. bright red | 6. dark red

Q: Why does blood in veins appear [1] _____ through skin? A: The book states this is because it is [2] _____.

1. blue | 2. deoxygenated (oxygen-poor) blood

A [1] _____ between the [2] _____ may let [3] _____ mix with [4] _____, reducing the oxygen reaching [5] _____.

1. hole in the septum | 2. two atria | 3. deoxygenated | 4. oxygenated blood | 5. body cells

Trace the pathway starting at a vena cava: [1] _____ → [2] _____ → [3] _____ → [4] _____ → [5] _____ → [6] _____ → [7] _____ → [8] _____ → [9] _____ → [10] _____.

1. vena cava | 2. right atrium | 3. right ventricle | 4. pulmonary artery | 5. lungs | 6. pulmonary veins | 7. left atrium | 8. left ventricle | 9. aorta | 10. body

The heartbeat is controlled by TWO specialized tissue areas called [1] _____: [2] _____ and [3] _____.

1. nodes | 2. sinoatrial (SA) node | 3. atrioventricular (AV) node

The [1] _____ is a group of specialized [2] _____ in the [3] _____.

1. sinoatrial (SA) node | 2. heart-muscle cells | 3. right atrium

The [1] _____ is the heart's [2] _____ because it [3] _____.

1. SA node | 2. pacemaker | 3. regulates the rate of contraction

The [1] _____ starts its own electrical impulse about every [2] _____, causing the [3] _____ to contract.

1. SA node | 2. 0.8 second | 3. two atria

[1] _____ is contraction of the [2] _____; it lasts about [3] _____ and is indicated by the [4] _____ on the ECG.

1. Atrial (auricular) systole | 2. atria | 3. 0.1 second | 4. P wave

The SA impulse travels to the [1] _____, a specialized area in the [2] _____.

1. atrioventricular (AV) node | 2. septum between the two atria

The [1] _____ delays the impulse before sending it to [2] _____, helping the [3] _____ contract before the [4] _____.

1. AV node | 2. ventricular muscle cells | 3. atria | 4. ventricles

[1] _____ is contraction of [2] _____ and lasts about [3] _____, associated with the [4] _____ on an ECG.

1. Ventricular systole | 2. both ventricles | 3. 0.3 second | 4. QRS complex

After ventricular systole, the [1] _____ during [2] _____, lasting about [3] _____.

1. atria and ventricles relax | 2. diastole (T) | 3. 0.4 second

The three heartbeat phases total [1] _____: [2] _____ + [3] _____ + [4] _____.

1. 0.8 second | 2. 0.1 s atrial systole | 3. 0.3 s ventricular systole | 4. 0.4 s diastole

Q: How is the heartbeat regulated? A: The [1] _____ stimulates [2] _____ and sends an impulse to the [3] _____, which then stimulates [4] _____.

1. SA node | 2. atrial contraction | 3. AV node | 4. ventricular contraction

An artificial [1] _____ may be implanted if the [2] _____; it is a [3] _____ that sets heart contractions.

1. pacemaker | 2. SA node is defective | 3. battery-operated device

Phase 1 / [1] _____ / ECG [2] _____: lasts [3] _____; the [4] _____ and blood flows from [5] _____.

1. auricular systole | 2. P | 3. 0.1 second | 4. atria contract | 5. atria to ventricles

During [1] _____, the [2] _____ and [3] _____ valves are [4] _____, while the two [5] _____ are [6] _____.

1. auricular systole | 2. bicuspid | 3. tricuspid | 4. open | 5. semilunar valves | 6. closed

Phase 2 / [1] _____ / ECG [2] _____: lasts approximately [3] _____; [4] _____ to eject blood.

1. ventricular systole | 2. QRS | 3. 0.3 second | 4. both ventricles contract

During [1] _____, the [2] _____ valves are [3] _____ and the [4] _____ valves are [5] _____.

1. ventricular systole | 2. bicuspid and tricuspid | 3. closed | 4. pulmonary and aortic semilunar | 5. open

During ventricular systole, blood is pumped into the [1] _____ and [2] _____; the [3] _____.

1. aorta | 2. pulmonary artery | 3. atria are relaxed

Phase 3 / [1] _____ / ECG [2] _____: lasts [3] _____; both [4] _____ and the [5] _____.

1. diastole | 2. T | 3. 0.4 second | 4. atria and ventricles relax | 5. atria fill with blood

During [1] _____, the [2] _____; the [3] _____ as blood fills the chambers.

1. diastole | 2. semilunar valves close | 3. bicuspid and tricuspid valves can open

The ECG records [1] _____ associated with the [2] _____ and [3] _____ of the [4] _____ and [5] _____.

1. changes in electrical activity | 2. contraction | 3. relaxation | 4. atria | 5. ventricles

One cardiac cycle takes [1] _____, and the book says an average resting adult heart beats approximately [2] _____.

1. 0.8 second | 2. 70 times per minute

A [1] _____ is a series of [2] _____ within an [3] _____ caused by [4] _____.

1. pulse | 2. pressure waves | 3. artery | 4. contractions of the left ventricle

When the [1] _____, blood surges into arteries, whose [2] _____ [3] _____.

1. left ventricle contracts | 2. elastic walls | 3. expand and stretch

The most common place to feel a pulse is the [1] _____ on the [2] _____ of the [3] _____.

1. radial artery | 2. thumb side | 3. wrist

Two heart sounds occur in a heartbeat: [1] _____ and [2] _____; they result from the [3] _____.

1. Lub | 2. Dub | 3. closing of valves

The [1] _____ sound is [2] _____, caused by closure of the [3] _____ during [4] _____.

1. Lub | 2. low and long | 3. bicuspid and tricuspid (AV) valves | 4. ventricular contraction

The [1] _____ sound is [2] _____, caused by closure of the [3] _____ as the [4] _____.

1. Dub | 2. short and sharp | 3. pulmonary and aortic (semilunar) valves | 4. ventricles relax

Q: What causes a [1] _____? A: When a [2] _____, some blood flows [3] _____, producing an [4] _____.

1. heart murmur | 2. heart valve does not close properly | 3. backward | 4. abnormal sound

Q: Why is the human cardiovascular system a [1] _____? A: Blood stays inside the [2] _____ or [3] _____ rather than leaving the vessels to flow among [4] _____.

1. closed system | 2. heart | 3. blood vessels | 4. body organs

In an [1] _____, blood leaves the [2] _____ and circulates within [3] _____ throughout the body; the book contrasts this with the human [4] _____ system.

1. open circulatory system | 2. vessels | 3. tissues | 4. closed

A human's [1] _____ form a vast [2] _____ that keeps blood flowing in [3] _____.

1. blood vessels | 2. network | 3. one direction

An [1] _____ is a [2] _____ that carries blood [3] _____.

1. artery | 2. large muscular blood vessel | 3. away from the heart

The THREE artery-wall layers, inside to outside, are [1] _____ → [2] _____ → [3] _____.

1. endothelium | 2. smooth muscle | 3. connective tissue

The artery's [1] _____ gives [2] _____, while its [3] _____ permits stretching as [4] _____ enters from the heart.

1. thick muscular layer | 2. strength | 3. elastic tissue | 4. pressurized blood

Arterial walls combine [1] _____ and [2] _____ to withstand [3] _____ from [4] _____.

1. strength | 2. elasticity | 3. high pressure | 4. heart contraction

[1] _____ is the [2] _____ exerted by moving blood against the [3] _____ of a [4] _____.

1. Blood pressure | 2. force | 3. inside walls | 4. blood vessel

Blood pressure is highest in the [1] _____: the [2] _____ and the [3] _____.

1. two main arteries leaving the heart | 2. aorta | 3. pulmonary artery

[1] _____ is the arterial pressure when the [2] _____ and is the [3] _____ blood-pressure value.

1. Systolic pressure | 2. ventricles contract | 3. higher/top

The first sound of blood passing through the artery during measurement indicates [1] _____.

systolic pressure

Normal systolic pressure listed in the book: approximately [1] _____ for [2] _____ and [3] _____ for [4] _____.

1. 120 mm Hg | 2. males | 3. 110 mm Hg | 4. females

[1] _____ is the arterial pressure when the [2] _____ and is the [3] _____ blood-pressure value.

1. Diastolic pressure | 2. ventricles relax | 3. lower/bottom

The [1] _____ during cuff measurement indicates [2] _____.

1. disappearance of the sound | 2. diastolic pressure

Normal diastolic pressure listed in the book: approximately [1] _____ for [2] _____ and [3] _____ for [4] _____.

1. 80 mm Hg | 2. males | 3. 70 mm Hg | 4. females

The book's example normal blood pressure is [1] _____ in males: [2] _____ = [3] _____, [4] _____ = [5] _____.

1. 120/80 mm Hg | 2. 120 | 3. systolic | 4. 80 | 5. diastolic

[1] _____ means [2] _____; it strains the [3] _____ and raises the risk of [4] _____.

1. Hypertension | 2. higher-than-normal blood pressure | 3. walls of arteries | 4. vessel rupture

During [1] _____, the [2] _____, [3] _____, and [4] _____.

1. ventricular systole (QRS) | 2. atria relax | 3. ventricles contract | 4. AV valves close

During [1] _____, the [2] _____; the [3] _____ sound occurs and blood pressure is around [4] _____ (male/female systolic values).

1. ventricular systole | 2. aortic and pulmonary semilunar valves open | 3. Lub | 4. 120/110 mm Hg

During [1] _____, [2] _____, the [3] _____, and the [4] _____ sound occurs.

1. diastole (T) | 2. both atria and ventricles relax | 3. semilunar valves close | 4. Dub

During diastole, the book's pressure examples are approximately [1] _____ in [2] _____ and [3] _____ in [4] _____.

1. 80 mm Hg | 2. males | 3. 70 mm Hg | 4. females

From the [1] _____, blood enters the [2] _____, which branches to [3] _____, then [4] _____, then [5] _____.

1. left ventricle | 2. aorta | 3. arteries | 4. arterioles | 5. capillaries

An [1] _____ is a [2] _____ formed when larger arteries branch, leading toward [3] _____.

1. arteriole | 2. smaller artery | 3. capillaries

A [1] _____ is an extremely [2] _____ whose diameter is so narrow that [3] _____ may pass [4] _____.

1. capillary | 2. small vessel | 3. red blood cells | 4. single file

The extensive [1] _____ lies close to [2] _____, allowing rapid [3] _____.

1. capillary network | 2. body cells | 3. exchange of materials

Capillary walls are only [1] _____, allowing [2] _____ and [3] _____ to [4] _____ through.

1. one cell thick | 2. gases | 3. nutrients | 4. diffuse

[1] _____ diffuse from the [2] _____ to [3] _____ because their concentrations are [4] _____ than in cells.

1. Oxygen and nutrients | 2. blood | 3. body cells | 4. higher in blood

[1] _____ diffuse from [2] _____ into [3] _____ because their concentrations are [4] _____.

1. Carbon dioxide and wastes | 2. body cells | 3. capillary blood | 4. higher in cells

After capillaries, blood flows into small [1] _____, which merge to form larger [2] _____ that carry blood [3] _____.

1. venules | 2. veins | 3. back toward the heart

[1] _____ join the [2] _____, and veins from the [3] _____ join the [4] _____.

1. Veins from the lower body | 2. inferior vena cava | 3. upper body | 4. superior vena cava

The [1] _____ and [2] _____ both return [3] _____ to the [4] _____.

1. superior | 2. inferior vena cava | 3. deoxygenated blood | 4. right atrium