MSP UNIT 1

Pathophysiology

Disordered physiological processes associated with disease or injury.

Etiology

The causes of pathologies.

Intrinsic Causes

Genetic, congenital, neoplastic, immunological factors.

Extrinsic Causes

Physical or chemical factors.

Pathogenesis

The physiological changes that occur due to a disease.

Risk Factors

Predisposition towards a disease.

Modifiable Risk Factors

Factors an individual can change (e.g., smoking, inactivity, poor diet, excess weight).

Non-Modifiable Risk Factors

Factors that cannot be changed (e.g., age, gender, family history, ethnicity).

Clinical Manifestations

Signs and symptoms associated with a disease.

Signs

Objective observations made by an observer.

Symptoms

Subjective reports from the individual.

Sequelae

The outcomes or consequences of a disease.

Complications

New or separate processes that arise as a result of the primary disease.

Resolution

Whether the individual returns to normal after the disease/disorder.

Incidence

The occurrence rate or frequency of a disease.

Prevalence

How common a disease is within a population.

Diagnosis

Determined by the examination of signs and symptoms.

Prognosis

The likely course of the disease, including time estimations, progression/regression, quality of life, and activity participation.

Treatments

How a disease or disorder is managed and how the individual is cared for.

Acute

Rapid onset and short duration of disease.

Subacute

A less specific time frame, between acute and chronic.

Chronic

A longer lasting stage of illness.

Pharmacology

The study of how medicines interact with the body.

Pharmacotherapeutics

Study of drugs used to prevent, treat, or diagnose a disease.

Pharmacokinetics

What the body does to the drug (absorption, distribution, metabolism, elimination/excretion).

Pharmacodynamics

What the drug does to the body (its mechanism of action).

Toxicology

The study of the harmful effects of drugs.

First-pass Effect

The initial metabolism of a drug, reducing its availability when reaching systemic circulation.

Bioavailability

The proportion of a drug that enters circulation when introduced into the body.

Patient Education

Educate patients to take medication as prescribed and watch for side effects.

Timing of Medications

Knowing peak concentrations helps schedule therapy for maximal patient mobility.

Exercise Impact

Exercise can increase sensitivity to insulin, requiring dosage adjustments for diabetic patients.

Side Effects Awareness

Recognize important side effects of medications.

Age-Related Changes

Aging affects drug breakdown and removal.

Body Weight and Disease States

Influence drug dosage and efficacy.

Drug-Food Interactions

Certain foods can impact drug effectiveness and safety.

Race and Ethnicity

Can influence drug effectiveness.

Required Skills

Review medical records and list medications in interviews.

Radiology

Anatomy evaluated in another format through imaging.

Radiologist's Process

Involves perception, analysis, and systematic search.

Sensitivity

Probability of a positive test result in an individual who has the condition.

Specificity

Probability of a negative test result in an individual who does not have the condition.

Clinical Decision-Making Rules

Rules that can reduce the need for unnecessary imaging.

Patient Management

The influence of imaging on the course of patient care.

Overutilization

Frequent overuse of imaging in clinical practice.

False Positives

Incorrectly indicating the presence of a condition on imaging.

Imaging Recommendations

Deciding whether imaging is truly needed and which modality is appropriate.

Communication with Physicians

PTs need to discuss imaging effectively with medical professionals.

Military Model of Imaging

A successful model where PTs are allowed to order imaging, demonstrating feasibility.

Evidence of Conservative Use

Studies indicating that trained PTs make appropriate imaging referrals.

DPT Programs

Doctor of Physical Therapy programs include courses on imaging.

Integration of Medications into Patient Management

Essential for physical therapists to understand pharmacology.

APTA Vision 2020

Direct access to PT services places responsibility on PTs to diagnose.

Imaging Precautions

Recognizing contraindications based on imaging results.

Imaging in Layman's Terms

Explaining imaging findings to patients in an understandable way.

Radiographic ABCs

Systematic approach for evaluating radiologic images.

Comparison of Imaging Techniques

Evaluating various modalities for effectiveness based on clinical needs.

Altered Function Characteristics

Identifying radiographic features that indicate changes in function.

Therapeutic Management Based on Imaging

Utilizing imaging results to inform treatment strategies.

Impact of PTs on Imaging Utilization

The role of physical therapists in reducing unnecessary imaging.

Patient Consent for Imaging

Ensuring patients understand and agree to imaging procedures.

Quality of Clinical Decisions

Improving patient outcomes through informed decision-making in imaging.

Impact of comorbid conditions on drug management

How patient coexisting illnesses influence treatment approaches.

Cross-discipline Communication

The importance of effective communication between PTs and other healthcare professionals.

Physiological changes in pathologies

Understanding how diseases affect body functions and systems.

Preventative Measures

Strategies to reduce risk factors for diseases.

Physical Examination's Role in Diagnosis

Utilizing examination results to inform diagnostic decisions.

Physical Therapy Interventions

Methods employed by PTs to address identified conditions.

Terminology Familiarity

Importance of understanding medical terminology in clinical settings.

Patient History Assessment

Reviewing patient history to inform treatment plans.

Medications' Effect on Physical Therapy Outcomes

Influence of pharmacological agents on rehabilitation.

Interdisciplinary Collaboration

Cooperation among various healthcare disciplines to enhance patient care.

Pain Management Strategies

Approaches to help patients deal with pain associated with conditions.

Understanding Imaging Sensitivity

Importance of knowing how sensitive different imaging techniques are.

Rationale for Ordering Imaging

Justification for requesting imaging based on clinical findings.

Quality Assurance in Imaging

Ensuring accuracy and reliability of imaging results.

Research on Imaging Efficacy

Studies assessing the usefulness of different imaging modalities.

Ethical Considerations in Imaging

Moral responsibilities when ordering and interpreting imaging.

Patient-Centered Care

Focusing treatment plans on the patient's unique needs and conditions.

Outcome Measures

Evaluation criteria to assess the effectiveness of physical therapy.

Clinical Guidelines for Imaging

Established protocols to follow for appropriate imaging requests.

Continuous Learning in Pharmacology

PTs must stay updated on medication developments and their implications.

Autonomy in PT Practice

The ability of PTs to make independent clinical decisions.

Documentation Practices

Recording patient information for continuity and legal purposes.

Evidence-Based Practice

Using research evidence to inform clinical decisions.

Clinical Protocols for Imaging Management

Set procedures to follow when dealing with imaging requests.

Role of Education in Physical Therapy

Importance of ongoing education for physical therapists.

Impact of Socioeconomic Factors on Health

Understanding how socioeconomic status affects health outcomes.

Importance of Follow-Up Care

Monitoring patients after treatment to ensure effective recovery.

Challenges in Imaging Access

Barriers patients may face in obtaining necessary imaging.

Promoting Health Literacy

Encouraging patients to understand their health information.

Benefits of Imaging Techniques

Advantages and applications of various imaging methods.