Human diseases Exam 2

unit 2

myocardium

cardiac muscle- makes up the chamber walls

endocardium

the membrane lining of the myocardium

pericadrium

oduble layered membrane covering the heart

mitral valve

between the left atrium and the left ventricle. 2 cusps

tricuspid valve

between the right atrium and right ventricle. 3 cusps

diastole

the filling phase

systole

contracting phase

coronary artery function

provide the heart with blood supply

sinoatrial node (SA node)

acts as a pacemaker of the heart

arteries are lined with

endothelium

auscultation

listening to the heart via stethoscope for abnormal sounds and rhythms within the heart.

a heart murmur indicates

abnormal blood flow within the heart

echocardiography

an ultrasound of the heart. can look at movement,

True or false- cardiovascular diseases the number one leading cause of death in the US

True

angiocardiography

contrast indicator (dye) is injected into the cardiovascular system and detect blockages in vessels

hyperlipidemia

elevated lipids, in the blood. lipids include cholesterol, phospholipids and triglycerides

modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular disease

obesity, hypertension, smoking, diabetes, physical activity, high fat and cholesterol diet

nonmodifiable risk factors for cardiovascular disease

age, gender, genetics

atherosclerosis

narrowing of the arteries.

arteriosclerosis

general term for the thickening, hardening, and loss of elasticity of artery walls - often associated with aging

ischemia

loss of blood and Ocygen supply to an area of the body.

aortic aneurysm

abnormal dilation of the aorta, can increase size and potentially rupture

hypertension

sustained and excessively high BP

most common cardiovascular disease in US

hypertension

hypertension risk factors

age, sedentary lifestyle, overweight, family history, increased dietary salt and alcohol intake

primary hypertension

increaser in BP without other evidence of disease

secondary hypertension

increase in BP due to other disease ( kidney disease)

diagnosis

BP measurements. taken two times with stethoscope within two separate appts.

varicose veins

dilated, distorted veins usually develop in the superficial veins of the leg

chronic venous insufficiency

condition of poor blood return to the heart

venous thrombosis

clot developing in the superficial or deep veins of the lower extremities

coronary artery disease

reduced coronary blood flow

leading cause of death worldwide

coronary artery disease

myocardial infraction

heart attack

three main causes to acute kidney injury

shock, tubular necrosis, obstruction

prognosis of acute kidney injury

if treatment begins early + the underlying cause is treated, prognosis is good

UTI types

Lower- inflammation of urethra Upper- onflammation of nephron

lower UTI signs

blood in urine, pain during urination,

inflammatory kidney disease

immune mediated occurinf in the kidneys in the absence of infection

glomerulonephritis

inflammatory disease of the glomeri

glomerulonephritis signs

fever, adema, hematuria, proteinuria

kidney stones

deposits of mineral within the kidney called urinary calculi

kidney stones diagnosis

Xray, CT scan, renal ultrasound

chronic renal failure

a progressive loss of kidney function over time

acute renal failure

happens suddenly anf can have a better prognosis

chronic renal failure

develops more slowly over time but is usually non reversible

(permanent kidney damage)

blood is the medium for transportation of

oxygen, carbon dioxide, water, nutrients, proteins etc

blood is made up of

red + white blood cells, and platelets

plasma is made of

90% water, 10% dissolved proteins

Erythrocytes are known as

red blood cells

Erythrocytes are filled with

hemoglobin

the life span of an RBC is about

120 days

RBC production is called

erythropoiesis

leukocytes are

white blood cells

leukocytes are made up of

neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes and lymphocytes

platelets produced in bone marrow are essential for

blood clotting and mobilization of clotting factors

CBC

complete blood count form

CBC function

used to look at cell numbers in the blood

blood smear

looks at cells microscopically to see change in shape, color, etc

bone marrow sample

used to diagnose blood disorder to evaluate if an issue with blood cell production is present

Anemia

low red blood count

anemia causes

hemorrhage, excessive destruction of RBCs, chronic disease, nutritional deficiency

Symptoms of anemia

hypoxia, fatigue, tachycardia, paleness

Anemia categories

regenerative and non-regenerative

regenerative anemia

bone marrow responds appropriately to the decreased number of red blood cells by increasing production of new blood cells. EX- hemolytic anemia

Non regenerative anemia

bone marrow response is inadequate when compared to the increased need. EX- kidney disease

Testing for Non regenerative VS generative anemia

blood smear

T/F: iron deficiency anemia is the leading cause of anemia worldwide.

true

iron deficiency anemia risks

excessive blood loss, menstruation, pregnancy

Iron Deficiency Anemia treatment

oral iron supplementation and injections

anemia of chronic disease

occurs in patients as a result of chronic inflammatory, infectious, and autoimmune disease

anemia of chronic disease is usually caused by

a defect in erythropoiesis

anemia of renal disease

chronic kidney disease or renal failure leading to severe anemia

T/F: anemia of renal disease is a type of non regenerative anemia

True

megaloblastic anemiab cause

impaired DNA synthesis + a deficiency in Vitamin B12 and or folic acid.

Magaloblastic RBCs are

large and contain increased ratios of RNA to DNA

respiratory epithelium

lining of the respiratory tract coated with a mucus film

cilia

hairlike projections in the pharynx to keep dust and particles from getting into the lungs

pleura

2 layer membrane covering the lungs

alveoli

thin-walled sacs of air surrounded by blood capillaries

the bronchioles terminate into the

alveoli

the disease where lung sacs are filled with pus

phenomena

main muscles of inhailation

diaphragm and internal intercoastals

obstruction is

interference of air flow

Three key disruptions of respiratory function can lead to disease:

interference with obstruction, diffusion of gasses at respiratory membrane, and blocked/reduced blood flow via alveolar capillaries

auscultation

the first physical examination of the respiratory tract

pulmonary function tests measure

airflow within the lungs and elevate lung friction

spirometry

measures the air capacity in the lungs

peak flow

measures the max flow a patient can exhale

bronchial challenge test

used to detect and quantify airway hypersensitivity

pulse oximetry

measures oxygen levels in the blood

atrial blood gasses

evaluates O2 levels, carbon dioxisde, and ph. key indicators of respiratory function

laryngoscopy

visual examination of the back of the throat

biopsy

takes samples of diseased tissue

sputum analysis

culture of secretions from the respiratory tract can aid in diagnosis

tonsilitis

inflammation of the tonsils

cause of tonsilitis

bacteria or viral infections

tonsilitis treatment

if bacterial (strep throat) treat with antibiotics, symptomatic treatment for viral infections, removal of tonsils is infections are frequent