MACRO FINALS

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INCOME GENERATION

Tourism creates income in destination areas.

SOURCES OF INCOME

Wages and salaries, interest, rent, business profits, direct and indirect taxes.

INCOME REDISTRIBUTION

Tourism spreads income through local businesses.

LOCAL TOURISM BUSINESSES

Restaurants/cafés, crafts, tour guides/interpreters, transport, cultural events, small inns/accommodations.

DIRECT EMPLOYMENT

Jobs directly serving tourists.

INDIRECT EMPLOYMENT

Jobs supporting tourism-related activities.

INDUCED EMPLOYMENT

Jobs created when tourism employees spend their income locally.

BALANCE OF PAYMENTS

Records the flow of goods, services, and money into and out of a country.

SURPLUS

A country receives more money than it sends out.

DEFICIT

A country sends out more money than it receives.

INVESTMENT AND DEVELOPMENT

Tourism demand attracts government/private investment and encourages development of hotels, restaurants, transport, attractions, and other businesses.

INFLATION

Tourists may pay higher prices, encouraging businesses to raise prices; higher rents and taxes increase costs for residents.

RISING LAND VALUES

Tourism increases land demand and property prices, making homes harder for residents to afford.

ECONOMIC LEAKAGE

Money generated by tourism leaves the destination's economy.

CAUSES OF ECONOMIC LEAKAGE

Imported goods, foreign-owned businesses sending money abroad, and promotion/advertising costs.

SEASONALITY

Tourism demand is high in peak seasons and falls during the off-season.

OVERDEPENDENCE ON TOURISM

A destination relies too heavily on tourism as its main source of income.

FACTORS AFFECTING TOURISM DEMAND

Internal factors, prices, consumer preferences/fashion, external factors, global economic conditions, political instability, energy availability.

EDWARD INSKEEP (1991)

Who described tourism development control measures?

NINE ECONOMIC IMPACT CONTROL MEASURES

Gradual development; appropriate scale; involve local residents; tourism zones; public access; local ownership; local economic linkages; prevent congestion; train local workers.

SOCIAL IMPACTS

Changes in the quality of life of residents in tourist destinations.

SOCIAL TOURISM

Ensuring tourism is accessible to all people; different from social impacts.

EXPLORER

Tourist who actively participates in and observes local life and easily adapts.

ELITE

Tourist who can afford unusual vacations, is well-traveled, and is often called a jet-setter.

OFFBEAT

Tourist who adapts well to simple accommodation and services for occasional guests.

UNUSUAL TOURIST

Enjoys sub-exotic or unusual/primitive cultural sites but wants to return quickly to familiar surroundings and their group.

INCIPIENT MASS TOURIST

Seeks Western-style amenities; combines pleasure-seeker and business-traveler characteristics.

MASS TOURIST

Often middle class, with diverse tastes; “you get what you pay for.”

CHARTER TOURIST

Arrives in large numbers; generates high business volume and standardized services; host interaction is limited and impersonal.

SMITH (1997)

Who categorized tourists into seven types and described host-resident interaction?

FOUR POSITIVE SOCIAL EFFECTS

Multicultural understanding; adaptation to modern life/lifestyle improvement; foreign-language use; improved health and disease control.

UNWTO VIEW OF TOURISM

Tourism is an encounter between a person and a destination in its natural setting.

WOMEN'S EMPLOYMENT AND TOURISM

Can increase family income and children's opportunities for higher education.

FOUR NEGATIVE SOCIAL EFFECTS

Social saturation; changes in social structure/behavior/roles; community problems; negative demonstrative effects.

SOCIAL SATURATION

Large numbers of tourists cause congestion in facilities/services and competition for limited resources.

LIN AND LOEB (1977)

Who identified three factors connecting tourism and crime?

THREE TOURISM-RELATED CRIME FACTORS

Seasonal density creates more targets/congestion; income differences may encourage robbery; border resorts may attract undesirable migrants and raise enforcement costs/business losses.

SOCIAL IMPACT CONTROL MEASURES

Limit carrying capacity/tourist flow; use tourist enclaves; educate and involve communities; train workers in interpersonal relations and networking/referral skills.

ACCULTURATION

Changes in culture through borrowing from other cultures, including technology, language, and values.

CULTURAL CONVERGENCE

The tendency of world cultures to become more alike.

TWO POSITIVE CULTURAL EFFECTS

Intercultural communication and renaissance of native culture.

INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION

Cultures meet and interact; this can reduce prejudice and promote understanding.

RENAISSANCE OF NATIVE CULTURE

Tourism encourages communities to remember, preserve, and promote their history and culture.

CULTURAL MODEL VILLAGES / LIVING MUSEUMS

Places that help preserve native traditions and crafts.

CULTURAL EXPERIENCE

Allows visitors to observe and participate without disrupting residents' everyday lives.

HISTORICAL REPRESENTATION

Shows and preserves an area's past history and lifestyle.

POLYNESIAN CULTURAL CENTER, HAWAII

Keeps traditional art/practices alive, presents historical Polynesian lifestyles, and encourages participation.

FOUR NEGATIVE CULTURAL IMPACTS

Artwork/artifact loss; altered artifacts and degraded craftsmanship; commercialization/loss of authenticity; architectural homogenization.

COMMERCIALIZATION AND LOSS OF AUTHENTICITY

Rituals may be shortened or staged for tourists; culture may become a product and lose spiritual/community meaning.

ARCHITECTURAL HOMOGENIZATION

Traditional architecture is replaced by uniform Western-style high-rises.

CULTURAL IMPACT CONTROL MEASURES

Promote intercultural communication, match tourist types to destinations, design host-guest interaction, educate tourists, and incorporate local/Indigenous features.

ENVIRONMENT

Includes human and physical characteristics.

HUMAN ENVIRONMENT

People, communities, culture, buildings, and similar features.

PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT

Land, water, forests, wildlife, mountains, beaches, and other natural features.

PRE-EXISTING FORMS

Human and physical characteristics already present in an area.

ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS

Tourism helps people appreciate nature and understand the need to protect it.

CONSERVATION

Protection of natural resources, wildlife, and important areas.

HISTORICAL PRESERVATION

Maintenance of historical buildings and cultural sites.

DEVELOPMENT OF ATTRACTIONS

Responsible development of natural areas into tourist destinations.

CARRYING CAPACITY

Degree of development an area can sustain without detrimental environmental effects.

FOUR CONSERVATION MOVEMENT FACTORS

Social concern; efficient resource use; aesthetic enhancement; protection.

GUNN / VALENE (1995)

Who identified four factors leading to the conservation movement? Gunn, cited by Valene (1995).

ENVIRONMENTAL CONFLICTS

Vegetation destruction; air pollution; water pollution; noise pollution; wildlife destruction.

GEOLOGICAL CONFLICTS

Tourists may collect minerals, rocks, fossils, and corals or vandalize natural formations.

RESIDENT CONFLICTS

Conflicts among tourists, local residents, and tourism developers.

EXAMPLES OF RESIDENT CONFLICTS

Hotels replacing homes; rising land values; congestion; pollution; resource/labor competition; litter; vandalism; crop damage; land erosion.

TWO ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL MEASURES

General protective measures; regulation and control of tourist development.

GENERAL PROTECTIVE MEASURES

Safeguard endangered species, beaches, forests, natural/built environments, and conserve/restore historic or archaeological monuments.

REGULATION OF TOURIST DEVELOPMENT

Use zoning, land-use rules, and specifications for height, appearance, open space, and design.

TOURISM

Traveling to destinations for leisure, business, culture, and other purposes.

HOSPITALITY

Providing accommodation, food, and services to travelers and guests.

CURRENT TRENDS

New practices, developments, and preferences influencing travel and tourism business operations.

WHY INDUSTRIES CHANGE

Technology, environmental concerns, and changing customer preferences.

DIGITALIZATION AND TECHNOLOGY

Includes online booking, mobile apps, digital promotions, and artificial intelligence.

ONLINE BOOKING PLATFORMS

Allow people to book flights, hotels, and tours.

MOBILE APPLICATIONS

Help with travel planning and reservations.

DIGITAL PROMOTIONS

Help destinations reach more tourists.

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (AI)

Can assist with customer service and travel recommendations.

EXPERIENTIAL TOURISM

Tourists seek experiences, not just places.

EXPERIENTIAL TOURISM EXAMPLES

Local dishes/food tours, cultural festivals, traditional activities, landmarks/local stories, crafts, community experiences.

SUSTAINABLE TOURISM

Responsible use of natural and cultural resources for future generations.

SUSTAINABLE TOURISM PRACTICES

Proper waste management and environmental protection.

COMMUNITY-BASED TOURISM

Tourism involving local residents and benefiting their communities.

COMMUNITY-BASED TOURISM BENEFITS

Livelihoods for guides, food businesses, artisans; promotion of traditions, products, and cultural experiences.

FIVE CHANGING TRAVELER PREFERENCES

Convenience, personalization, authenticity, memorable experiences, responsible travel.

CONVENIENCE

Easy bookings and accessible travel information.

PERSONALIZATION

Experiences based on individual interests.

AUTHENTICITY

Opportunities to experience local culture and traditions.

MEMORABLE EXPERIENCES

Activities that make trips meaningful.

RESPONSIBLE TRAVEL

Choices that respect the environment and local communities.

DEPARTMENT OF TOURISM (DOT)

Formally established in 1973.

TOURISM INDUSTRY SECTORS

Accommodation, food services, transportation, travel agencies, tourist attractions.

IMPORTANCE OF TOURISM

Contributes to economic development, employment, and community livelihood.

2025 TOURISM ECONOMIC CONTRIBUTION

About ₱2.27 trillion.

2025 TOURISM SHARE OF GDP

8.1% of the country's GDP.

2025 TOURISM-RELATED JOBS

Around 7.70 million jobs.

2025 DOMESTIC TOURISM SPENDING

About ₱3.26 trillion.

TOURISM EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES

Hotels/resorts, restaurants, airlines, travel agencies, tour operations, events/conventions, transport, attractions.

TOURISM ENTREPRENEURSHIP OPPORTUNITIES

Souvenirs, local food, homestays, tour guiding, handicrafts, travel content, online travel services.

MULTIPLIER EFFECT

Tourist spending circulates among businesses and people in the community.