SAM - 37 red and highlighted material

What is the canine influenza virus strain discussed in this lecture?

H3N2

When are dogs with canine influenza most contagious?

During the 2–4 day incubation period before clinical signs appear

How is canine influenza diagnosed?

PCR within 4 days using a canine respiratory panel or acute and convalescent serology if not vaccinated

What radiographic pattern is common with bacterial pneumonia?

Mixed bronchial, interstitial, and alveolar pattern

What radiographic pattern is most common with bacterial pneumonia?

Patchy interstitial and alveolar pattern

What lung distribution is common with aspiration pneumonia?

Cranioventral distribution

What is the primary underlying cause for most bacterial pneumonias?

Aspiration pneumonia

What are the predisposing causes of aspiration pneumonia?

Megaesophagus, GI disease, aggressive force-feeding, laryngeal paralysis, and anesthesia-induced regurgitation or reflux

What are the most common causes of fungal pneumonia in dogs?

Blastomycosis and coccidioidomycosis

What are the most common causes of fungal pneumonia in cats?

Histoplasmosis and cryptococcosis

What can make fungal pneumonia difficult to diagnose on radiographs?

It can be difficult to distinguish from neoplasia or other causes of pneumonia

What radiographic pattern is most common with fungal pneumonia?

Diffuse miliary or nodular pattern

What diagnostic tests can be used for fungal pneumonia?

Serology and urine antigen testing

What is the sensitivity of the urine antigen test for fungal pneumonia?

94%

What systemic antifungal is used to treat fungal pneumonia?

Itraconazole

What is the minimum treatment duration for fungal pneumonia?

60–90 days

How long may fungal pneumonia treatment need to continue?

Often 6 months or longer and 2 months past resolution of all clinical signs

What are the clinical signs associated with pulmonary neoplasia?

Digit lung syndrome and hypertrophic osteopathy

What is pulmonary hypertension?

Increased pulmonary arterial pressure over 30 mm Hg

What is the normal pulmonary arterial pressure?

25/10 mm Hg

What conditions can cause pulmonary hypertension?

Cardiac disease, CHF, L-to-R shunts, increased pulmonary vascular resistance, PTE, heartworm disease, and chronic pulmonary disease

What chronic pulmonary diseases can contribute to pulmonary hypertension?

Pulmonary fibrosis and chronic bronchitis

What are radiographic signs of pulmonary hypertension?

Right-sided cardiomegaly and a prominent main pulmonary artery

What is the drug of choice for pulmonary hypertension when there is no underlying cause?

Sildenafil citrate

What is pulmonary thromboembolism (PTE) associated with clinically?

Acute respiratory distress that can be fatal

What is the definitive diagnosis for pulmonary thromboembolism?

Spiral CT angiography or selective angiography

What is the gold standard diagnostic test for pulmonary thromboembolism?

Selective angiography

What finding is supportive of pulmonary thromboembolism?

Poor response to oxygen supplementation

What medications may be useful for treating pulmonary thromboembolism?

Low molecular weight heparin, aspirin, or clopidogrel

What are the mechanisms of pulmonary edema?

Decreased plasma oncotic pressure, vascular overload, lymphatic obstruction, and increased vascular permeability

What drug is used to treat pulmonary edema?

Furosemide

What should be done in addition to furosemide when treating pulmonary edema?

Correct the underlying condition

What conditions can cause pulmonary edema?

Cardiogenic edema, overhydration, low oncotic pressure, and increased vascular permeability