bio exam 2

whats the plasma membrane

a bilayer structure that’s constantly changing & forming and forms with other membranes it also controls what goes in and out.

whats the structure/built of the plasma membrane

called a fluid mosaic model, which is where the inside of the membrane is fluid like and lets molecules move laterally

whats the job of the plasma membrane

proces info

energy transformation

forms a boundary between cells & env

regulates movement of molecules in & out of cell

cell recognition

what 3 things is the plasma membrane made out of

lipids

membrane proteins

carbohydrates

explain lipids in the plasma membrane

has a phospholipid bilayer (backbone of membrane/ majority of it)

what is the lipid parts of the plasma membrane made of

phospholipids

cholesterol

fatty acid tails

what are phospholipids

fatty acid tails and phosphate heads

whats cholesterol

increasing or decreasing of fluidity of the membrane (the more you have = less fluidity)

what are fatty acid tails

bring saturated vs unsaturated

saturated vs unsaturated

saturated- less fluid like unsaturated- more fluid like

what do membrane proteins consist of

integral

transmembrane

peripheral

explain integral membrane proteins

hydrophobic regions that in the phospholipid bilayer

explain transmembrane membrane proteins

Integral/ in bilayer but goes goes through seeing it on both sides (in & out)

explain peripherals in membrane proteins

no hydrophobic portion, not in membrane just associated w/membrane

what do you do if you want to restrict protein and keep them in one place

you attach them to the cytoskeleton causing them to not be equally distributed

what are carbohydrates in the plasma membrane

not in the membrane but associated w/ either a lipid or protein that help w/ cell recognition (getting rid of forge in or toxic cells)

what types of carbohydrates are in the plasma membrane

glycolipids and glycoproteins

what are glycolipids

carbohydrates attached to lipids

what are glycoproteins

carbohydrates attached to proteins

whats the outside of cells called

extracellular env/ structures

types of extracellular structures

plant cell wall

extracellular matrix

whats the plant cell wall made of

cellulose

what does plant cell wall do

provides a structure so cells don’t rupture when exposed to much water. instead it exerts pressure on cell wall known as TURGOR PRESSURE creating rigidity

whats the extracellular matrix made of

collagen

what does the extracellular matrix do

tissue properties are determines by this matrix

whats cell recognition

where one cell binds to another cell ~ can be temporary

whats cell adhesion

relationship between 2 cells is cemented together adhering to one another

types of cell adhesion

tissue specific

species specific

what do membrane proteins help you with

they help to figure out what should stick together

types of cell adhesion binding

homotypic ~ similar/same types of bonding/cell surface

heterotypic ~ complementary proteins that allow cells to stick together

explain tight junctions

plasma membrane junction

restrict movement/ stay in one spot

prevent intracellular spaces from having movement

explain desmosome junctions

have spot welths that hold them together

have a plack made out of proteins

Spot wealthing has cytoskeletal filaments from both cells that holds them together

explain gap junctions

help with communications between cells

tunnel/channels between cells made of connexsion proteins

~only in the heart embryonic development and sperm development

what is membrane transport

things entering in & out of cell

selectively permeable

has two types passive and active

active transport

needs energy

moving against concentration gradient (low—-high)

passive transport

no energy needed(substances move easily thru)

moves with concentration gradient (high—low)

diffusion

type of passive transport

the random movement of molecules to a stated equilibrium H—L

what affects diffusion

temp~ heat increases diffusion

smaller molecules ~lesser diffusion

greater concentration~ greater diffusion

types of diffusion

simple vs facilitated

explain simple diffusion

things move freely through bilayer ex.) smaller molecules, lipid soluble molecules

explain facilitated diffusion

molecules that are polar & charged require help

can’t freely move through bilayer

two types; carrier and channel

explain channel proteins

integral transmembrane proteins

form channels to help movement

lined with polar/hydrophilic amino acids

ion channels

gated channels

explain carrier proteins

carry molecules inside cell

molecules binds and changes shape and then is spitted inside the bilayer

explain osmosis

also passive transport

diffusion of H2o across a membrane

high —- low

low solutes/ high h2o—→high solutes/low h2o

what are the three types of osmosis

hypotonic, isotonic, hypertonic

hypertonic solution

higher solutes OUTSIDE the cell h2o wants to leave

cell shrink/shrivels

isotonic solution

equal on both sides

hypotonic solution

solute higher INSIDE the cell than outside h2o wants to go in

cell ruptures/ Bursts

types of active transport

uniport

simport

antiport

explain uniport active transport

moving ONE thing in ONE direction

explain import in active transport

moving TWO things in ONE direction

explain antiport in active transport

ONE moving in ONE direction and ONE going the other OPPOSITE EACH OTHER

explain primary active trasnport

uses ATP to power the movement of a substance

explain secondary active transport

occurs b/c the transport will use the gradient established by the primary active transport INDIRECTLY uses ATP

REQUIRES THE PRIMARY ACTIVE TRANSPORT

Primary active transport uses what

sodium potassium pump

3Na —> pumped OUT

2K——> pumped IN

secondary active transport uses what

simport system moving glucose up in concentration gradient while moving sodium down concentration gradient (opposite)

endocytosis

bringing things IN

types of endocytosis

phago

pino

receptor mediated endocytosis

phagocytosis

LARGER molecules into cell, eating

pinocytosis

SMALLER molecules into cell, drinking

receptor mediated endocytosis

specific receptors bind to specific molecules (have a CLATHRIN COATED PIT)

exocytosis

taking stuff out

explain metabolism

total chemical reactions in your cell

constantly building & breaking things down (needs energy transformations)

we have lost of enzymes that help build/break faster

2 types of metabolic reactions

anabolic

catabolic

explain being anabolic

single products from smaller units (BUILDING)

CONSERVES/SAVES ENERGY

explain being catabolic

reduce an organized substance into smaller units (BREAKING)

RELEASES ENERGY

explain entropy (S)

total energy

whats the symbol for free energy

S

how is free energy and entropy related

inversely/ opposites

if one is up the other is down

what does it mean if free energy is positive

requires energy

anabolic building

entropy is going down/ -

what does it mean when free energy is negative

energy is released

catabolic breaking

entropy increases/ +

2 types of energy

potential- stored energy

kinetic- in use/motion

1st law of thermodynamics

total inital energy = total final energy / energy is not created nor destroyed only transformed

2nd law of thermodynamics

when energy is transformed some is unavailable to do work ~ unusable

entropy

movement of disorderliness in your system

positive = more disorder

anabolic reactions consist of

change in G = +

s(entropy) = -

endergonic -taking in energy

non spontaneous reactions

catabolic reactions consist of

change in G= -

s (entropy)= +

exergonic- releasing energy

non spontaneous reaction

what does spontaneous reaction mean

doing the reaction without energy

atp explained

adesine triphosphate

-nucleic acid (sugar, base, phosphate)

storage molecule/potential energy

process of atp

capture energy

transfer

store energy

exergonic reaction of atp explained

used hydrolysis to (break down) turn ATP into ADP & Pi (releasing energy)

what is coupling

2 reactions happening together

what does a endergonic reaction need to be coupled with to work

coupled with a exergonic reaction

how do endergonic reactions work

use energy from exergonic reactions to build something

what things do endergonic reactions do

USING ATP:

active transport

cell movement

anabolism

what things do exergonic reactions do

MAKE ATP USING ADP & Pi using:

cellular respiration

catabolism

Enzymes are what

biological catalysts that allow for a reaction to occur faster & easier

what does a catalyst mean

speeds up a chemical reaction but isnt used up

What does every reaction require

activation energy

what is activation energy

energy that must be invested to initiate a reaction

what does activation energy do

puts molecules in transition state

how do enzymes work

decreasing amount of activation energy required to go to transition state

what is transition state

higher free energy than your reactant & products pushing you to go over the barrier and start reaction

what are enzymes made of

proteins that need to be folded properly

why do enzymes need to be folded properly

bc thats how they know their function

what does an enzyme have

active site

whats an active site

interacts with specific substrates allowing for the reaction

what is kinase

adding phosphates

whats phosphatase

removing phosphates

what temporary bond can stabilize an enzyme substrate interaction

ionic attractions

hydrogen bonds

covalent bonding