APUSH | 4.1-4.4 KEY TERMS

Barbary States

States in North Africa that used state-sanctioned piracy to gain wealth from weaker nations in the Atlantic, pirates would seize American ships & hold sailors for ransom

Haitian Revolution

Revolt against French rule by free & enslaved black people in the 1790s on the Island of Saint Domingue, led to the establishment of the Republic of Haiti (first black-led nation)

Louisiana purchase

1803 purchase from France if territory stretching from the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains

Judiciary Act

Passed in 1801, Federalist-controlled Congress created 16 circuit courts to expand the federal court system

Marbury v. Madison

1803 Supreme Court decision that established the authority of the Supreme Court to rule on the constitutionality of federal laws

McCulloch v. Maryland

1819 Supreme Court decision that reinforced the fed gov’s ability to employ an expansive understanding of the implied powers clause of the Constitution

Judicial review

Supreme Court’s ability to rule on cases at both the federal and state level

Embargo Act

1807 act that prohibited American ships from leaving their home ports until Britain and France repealed restrictions on US trade

National road

Road constructed using fed funds that ran from western Maryland through southwestern Pennsylvania to West Virginia, improved the nation’s infrastructure

Multiplier effect

Diverse change spurred by a single invention, including other inventions it spawns

Cotton gin

Machine invented by Eli Whitney, dressed short-staple cotton, dramatically reduced the time and labor involved in deseeding

American system of manufacturing

Production system focused on water-powered machinery, division of labor, & use of interchangeable parts, increased manufacturing

Non-intercourse act

Passed by Congress in 1809 allowing Americans to trade w/ every nation except France & Britain

War of 1812

(1812-1815) between US & Great Britain, result of ongoing conflict between Britain & France as both restricted US trade with them

Bank of United States

National bank established in 1791, responsible for holding large portions of fed funds & distributing loans & currency

Battle of Horseshoe Bend

(1814) led my Andrew Jackson, defeated Creek forces alongside Cherokee warriors

Hartford convention

1814 convention of Federalists opposed to the War of 1812, considered a number of constitutional amendments

Treaty of Ghent

Signed in Dec 1814 that ended the War of 1813 & returned Britain & US land each controlled before the war

Battle of New Orleans

January 8, 1815, American victory 2 weeks after the Treaty of Ghent as both sides didn’t know the war had ended

Tariff of 1816

Protective tariff designed to increase cost of imported manufactured goods to improve domestic sales

American system

Promoted US economy by combining fed funded internal improvements to aid farmers w/ fed tariffs to protect manufacturing & a national bank to oversee developments

Erie canal

Built in the early 1820s, made water transport from the Great Lake to NYC possible & fuelled industrial development

Adams-Onis Treaty

Negotiated by John Quincy & signed in 1819 which Spain ceded all of its lands to the IS

Monroe doctrine

Asserted by President Monroe that the Weatern Hemisphere was part of the US

Panic of 1819

First sever recession, lasted 4 years & resulted from irresponsible banking practices & declining demands abroad for US goods

Second bank of the United States

Established in 1816, distributed national currency & regulated state banks, ceased operations in 1836

Missouri compromise

1820 act that allowed Missouri to enter the Union as a slave state

Market Revolution

Innovations in agriculture, industry, communication, & transportation that fuelled increased efficiency & productivity

Mutual aid societies

Voluntary associations that provide a variety of services condominium & social benefits for their members

Cult of domesticity

New ideals of womanhood that emerged alongside the middle class in the 1830s-40s, confined women to the domestic sphere

Separate spheres

Men & women had separate roles & should occupy separate places in society, men should occupy the social public sphere & work, while women domestic private sphere

Deskilling

Replacement of skilled labor w/ unskilled labor & machines

Unions

Groups of workers seeking rights & benefits from their employers through collective efforts

Panic of 1837

Sever recession after Martin Van Buren’s inauguration, started in the South & rooted in the changing fortune of American cotton in Britain

Democrats

Andrew Jackson as leader, resulted from the split of the Democratic-Republican

National republicans

Henry Clay & John Quincy emerged as leaders after the split of the Democratic-Republican

“Corrupt bargain”

Agreement between Clay & Adam, which Clay withdrew from the 1824 election in exchange for an appointment in Adam’s cabinet

Tariff of 1828

Extended duties to include raw materials

Petticoat affair

Over Jackson’s appointment of John Easton as secretary of war, since he was married to a woman of allegedly questionable character

Spoils system

Fed offices were rewarded on the basis of political loyalty

Tallmadge proposal

Banned further introduction of slaves in Missouri & required children born by enslaved parents be freed reaching the age of 25

Denmark Vesey

Free black carpenter, who was accused & convicted of organising a major slave rebellion

Prophet town

A Native American village founded by Tecumseh & his brother Tenskwatawa, the destruction of this town broke the spine of Native confederacy