Social and Professional Issues in Computing (Modules 1 - 7)

Comprehensive review flashcards covering the entirety of Social and Professional Issues in Computing across all 7 modules: Global Digital Environment, Emerging Technologies, ICT-Enabled Industry (BPO), Internet Censorship & Freedom of Expression, Sex and Technology, Technology and Privacy, and Information Warfare.

What is globalization as defined in Module 1?

A process of interaction and integration among people, companies, and governments of different nations, driven by international trade and investment and aided by technology.

What is the digital divide, and which groups of people are most affected by it?

The unequal access of information and communication technology between groups of society, and the knowledge of skills required to use the technology. The most affected groups include people in low socio-economic areas, developing countries, and rural women and children.

According to the global statistics presented in Module 1, what percentages of the population have internet access in Africa, parts of Asia, and the Middle East?

In Africa, only $3\%$ of the population has internet. In Asia, $1\%$ of the population in Cambodia, Laos, and Bangladesh has internet. The Middle East accounts for $0.9\%$ of global internet users.

What is cloud computing, and what two organizational benefits are noted for it?

A network of resources that provides computation, software, data access, and storage systems without requiring knowledge of physical location and configuration. Its benefits include allowing organizations to transfer stored files across multiple sources using virtualization and requiring less software installation across company computers.

What capability is attributed to data mining within big data analytics?

It can predict growth opportunities and achieve future success.

How is automation defined in the context of information systems?

A combination of computer, mechanical, and electrical elements or processes that operate with minimal or without human intervention, covering digital control, systems supervision, data management, and devices.

What are emerging technologies?

Technologies whose development, practical applications, or both are still largely unrealized, signifying a continuous process wherein innovations, advancements, and breakthroughs come to light.

What is the key functional difference between smart machines and intelligent machines?

Smart machines take human decision-making, whereas intelligent machines initiate changes and bring solutions.

How does Augmented Reality (AR) differ from Virtual Reality (VR)?

Virtual Reality is a computer-generated simulation that allows users to experience a virtual environment, while Augmented Reality is a more versatile and practical version featuring interactive scenarios that enhance the real world with images and sounds.

What unique capability does blockchain data provide?

It allows users to input additional data without changing, replacing, or deleting anything.

Who is credited with being the first person to use the term "robotics"?

Isaac Asimov.

What are Asimov's Three Laws of Robotics?

1. Robots must never harm human beings. 2. Robots must follow instructions from humans without violating rule 1. 3. Robots must protect themselves without violating the other rules.

What specific medical application is performed by the Da Vinci robot?

It helps surgeons perform complex surgeries relating to the heart, head, neck, and other sensitive areas.

Which robotics companies are highlighted for their applications in security and food preparation?

Knightscope is highlighted for security (providing real-time, actionable intelligence to address crimes), and Moley Robotics is highlighted for food preparation (creating food using hundreds of different recipes).

What is Business Process Outsourcing (BPO)?

The contracting of a specific business task, such as payroll, human resources, or accounting, to a third-party service provider.

Which eight sub-sectors compose the Information Technology - Business Process Outsourcing (IT-BPO) Industry in the Philippines?

1. Knowledge process outsourcing, 2. Back offices, 3. Animation, 4. Call centers, 5. Software development, 6. Game development, 7. Engineering design, and 8. Medical transcription.

When is project-based outsourcing used, and what is its costing structure?

It is used for business activities with irregular frequency or one-off projects, using time and material costs as variable costs alongside fixed costs.

What is a Dedicated Development Center, and when is it preferred?

A BPO setup used for business cases with changing requirements or long-term goals for technology development; it is preferred when resource requirements are lower in the outsourced country than in the home country.

What is a captive market in BPO, and what two major models are used to establish one?

A setup preferred when core or crucial business activities need to run at cheaper costs. Its two major setup models are the 'Start From Scratch' model and the Build Operate Transfer model.

How do the 'Start From Scratch' model and the Build Operate Transfer model differ in setting up a captive market?

In 'Start From Scratch', the company develops all its own resources in the new operating location (preferred by companies with high market knowledge and analytics). In Build Operate Transfer, a third-party vendor develops property, sources employees, and manages the center for an initial period (preferred by companies without specialized local expertise).

What tax provision was established under the revision of Republic Act 7916 for BPO companies?

Floors in buildings where BPO companies operate are considered special economic zones, exempting the companies from national and local taxes and requiring them to pay only $5\%$ of their gross income as tax.

What disparity characterized the growth of the Philippine BPO industry from 2005 to 2012 regarding labor absorption?

Although it was the fastest growing sector in the country, it only took in $1\%$ of the labor force, meaning its growth barely trickled down to most of the population.

What is the primary aim of E-Government as stated in Module 3?

To create "a digitally empowered and integrated government that provides responsive and transparent online citizen-centered services for a globally competitive Filipino nation."

What is the official legislative title and approval date of the Philippine Cybercrime Prevention Act of 2012?

Republic Act No. 10175, approved on September 12, $2012$.

What legal offenses are specifically included under Republic Act No. 10175?

Cybersquatting, cybersex, child pornography, identity theft, illegal access to data, and libel.

What three technical blocking techniques are commonly used to block access to Internet sites?

IP blocking, DNS tampering, and URL blocking using proxy.

How does keyword blocking control access to online content?

It blocks access to websites based on the words found in URLs or blocks search queries involving blacklisted terms.

How does search result removal restrict access to targeted websites?

Search service companies cooperate with governments to omit illegal or undesirable websites from search results, making the sites significantly more difficult to find without directly blocking access.

What are the primary pros and cons of Internet censorship listed in the course material?

Pros: sets common sense limits, limits access to harmful activities, lessens the impact of identity theft, provides a positive impact on national security, and stops fake news. Cons: "Who watches the watchers?", stops information, and is a costly process.

What is the significance of freedom of expression at the individual level versus the national level?

At the individual level, it is the key to the development and fulfilment of every person. At the national level, it is necessary for good government and therefore for economic and social progress.

What audience classifications are designated by the MTRCB for ratings G, PG, R-13, R-16, R-18, and X?

G: All ages; PG: $13$ years old below must be accompanied by parent; R-13: $13$ years old and above; R-16: $16$ years old and above; R-18: $18$ years old and above; X: Not suitable for public.

How is child pornography defined in Module 5?

A form of child sexual exploitation involving any visual depiction of sexually explicit conduct involving a minor, also referred to as "child sexual abuse images."

How does virtual sex differ from virtual prostitution?

Virtual sex involves two or more people gathering via communications equipment to arouse each other (often by transmitting explicit messages), whereas virtual prostitution involves engaging in sexual activity with a person whom neither has ever met in real life before.

What defines Group 1 (Recreational Users – Appropriate) of cybersex users?

Users who explore sex on the internet without problems to enhance their sexual experiences, are able to enjoy intimate real-world relationships, maintain a healthy attitude toward sexuality, and are considered non-pathological.

How do Group 3 (Discovery Group) and Group 4 (Predisposed Group) cybersex users differ?

Group 3 users have no past problems with sexual behavior and use the internet to explore sexuality in ways normal life has not offered; Group 4 users have a history of fantasizing about sexual acting out but never acted on it until accessing internet-based material.

What behaviors characterize Group 5 (Problematic Users – Lifelong Sexually Compulsive Group)?

They are at the extreme end of the sexual problems continuum, accessing pornography frequently as an ongoing pattern of excessive sexual behavior, and may engage in predatory behavior to seek out and exploit vulnerable partners.

What is a "catfish" in the context of online relationships?

A person who fabricates an online persona to deceive others.

What are the advantages and disadvantages of online relationships identified in Module 5?

Advantages: ability to focus on people with similar interests/beliefs/age, meaningful dating at a distance, and expanding options outside one's social circle. Disadvantages: scammers, permanent shared data, misleading form of attraction, and distance acting as a barrier.

What is synthetic identity theft?

A type of identity theft where a criminal fabricates an identity by combining different pieces of personally identifiable information (PII) from different sources.

How do tax-related identity theft and criminal identity theft operate?

In tax-related identity theft, a criminal files a false tax return with the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) using a stolen Social Security number. In criminal identity theft, a person under arrest provides stolen identity information to law enforcement.

What demographic is targeted by senior identity theft?

People over the age of $60$.

What is "shoulder sniffing" in identity theft?

A technique where a thief obtains information while a victim fills out personal information on a form, enters a passcode on a keypad, or provides a credit card number over the telephone.

What legal definition is given to a "tort" in relation to an invasion of privacy?

A wrongful act that causes injury or loss to someone resulting in legal responsibility for the act.

What are the three specific types of invasion of privacy covered in Module 6?

Deception (collecting employee information under one pretext but using it for another, which could lead to termination), Violation of Confidentiality (disclosing confidential information to a third party), and Intrusion & Misappropriation (an employer intruding into an employee's private life).

What is Information Warfare?

Action taken to achieve information superiority by affecting information, information-based processes, information systems, and computer-based networks while defending one's own, in pursuit of a competitive advantage over an opponent.

What are the five weapons of information warfare outlined in Module 7?

1. Information Collection, 2. Information Transport, 3. Information Protection, 4. Information Manipulation, and 5. Information Disturbance, Degradation and Denial.

How is Command and Control Warfare defined?

The use of operations security, military deception, psychological operations, electronic warfare, and physical destruction, supported by intelligence, to deny information, influence, degrade, or destroy command and control capabilities.

What is hacker warfare, and what alternate technical term is used to describe it?

The most familiar portion of Information Warfare involving the disruption of computer networks; it is also known as Computer Network Operations (CNO).

How does cyber espionage differ from traditional espionage?

Espionage is the practice of spying to obtain information about foreign governments or competing companies, whereas cyber espionage specifically involves using information and communication technology (ICT) by individuals, groups, or businesses for economic benefit or personal gain.

What do the intelligence disciplines HUMINT, GEOINT, and MASINT collect?

HUMINT (Human Intelligence) is gathered through interpersonal contact (refugees, defectors, spies); GEOINT (Geospatial Intelligence) is derived from imagery and geospatial data to depict physical activities on Earth; MASINT (Measurement and Signature Intelligence) uses sensing instruments to identify distinctive signatures of targets (radar, acoustic, nuclear, chemical/biological).

What are the specific intelligence gathering focuses of SIGINT, TECHINT, and FININT?

SIGINT (Signals Intelligence) intercepts communications (COMINT) and electronic signals (ELINT) using cryptanalysis; TECHINT (Technical Intelligence) examines foreign weapons and equipment to prevent technological surprise; FININT (Financial Intelligence) analyzes financial affairs to detect tax evasion, money laundering, and terrorist financing.