transmission & control

What are the potential entry points for microorganisms into the body?

Mouth, respiratory tract, conjunctiva, scratch or injury, urogenital tract, alimentary tract, anus, skin, and arthropod bites.

What are the three factors that transmission of microorganisms depends on?

The number of organisms shed, the stability of the organism in the environment, and the infectious dose required to infect a host.

What is the F-diagram related to transmission from the gastrointestinal tract?

Food, fluids, fields, faeces, fingers, flies.

What does vertical transmission refer to?

Transmission of infection from an infected individual to their offspring.

What is zoonosis?

A disease that can be transmitted to humans from animals.

What are the four main modes of transmission for pathogens?

Inhalation, ingestion, absorption, and injection.

What distinguishes hazard group 1 organisms from hazard group 4 organisms?

Hazard group 1 organisms are unlikely to cause human disease, whereas hazard group 4 organisms can cause severe human diseases with a high risk of spreading.

What are some control measures necessary in a laboratory for handling infectious diseases?

Microbiology safety cabinets, sharps bins, autoclaves, personal protective equipment (PPE), disinfectants, and standard operating procedures (SOP).

What is the primary purpose of risk assessment in a laboratory setting?

To reduce the likelihood of issues by identifying risks, evaluating them, and monitoring findings.

How does the body rid itself of shed microorganisms as a protective mechanism?

Through mechanisms such as coughing, sneezing, flushing via urination, and passing faeces.