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Vaccines (L10)
Vaccines (L10)
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101 Terms
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1
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What happens to colds as age increases?
decrease as we have built immunity
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What can minor illness create
scarring
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Main concept of vaccines
create fake illness to activate immune system
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True of false? The immune system knows ahead of time what you will. be infected with
False
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What is immune system memory composed of?
pre stored large collection of molecules such as antibodies and receptors
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How does immune system memory work?
Don't have enough storage to fit all types, therefore they store small amount of types so that when infection is recognized it can make copies
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Why is the adaptive immune system slow?
Takes a couple of days to make appropriate material
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Is the immune system highly selective?
yes
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What are antibodies?
key recognition devices
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characteristics of antibodies
y shaped molecule wth sticky surface
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What do antibodies stick to?
epitopes
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What is an epitope?
the part of an antigen molecule to which an antibody attaches itself
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Why is antibody production random?
body selects which antibody works best and then makes large copies of that works
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B cells
carries antibodies
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IgD antibodies
located on B cell membranes where they act as antigen receptors
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IgM antibodies
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What happens after each infection?
memory cells are produced
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What % of B cells are memory cells in adults
50%
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What are T cells?
cells that destroy viruses
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Why can't B cells recognize viruses
Because viruses live inside the cell
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How does viral infected cell display virus?
Viral protein fragment on MHC receptor
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What receptor do killer T cells have?
CD8
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What receptor does helper T cell have?
CD4
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How is infected cell recognized?
Killer T cell recognizes MHC display
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What do helper T cells do?
send the kill signal
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What do B cells kill?
Bacteria
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Why is there 2 kinds of T cells?
To ensure no random cells dying
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How to get memory without sickness?
stimulate manufacturing of memory cells
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Mortality rate of small pox
20-40%
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What % of smallpox survivors were disfigured
70-80%
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Variolation
collecting puss from absessing and inject small amounts in children to build immunity
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What did middle east use to cure smallpox?
variolation
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What did Edward Jenner do?
Came up with variation of variolation and injected cowpox in small children
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Why type of workers did not get infected smallpox and why?
Milk maids as they were infected with cowpox
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Why was Edward Jenner's method low risk?
Because cowpox is a completely disease
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Why is vaccination safer than variolation?
use a mild illness instead of severe illness
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When was smallpox eradicated from industrial countries?
1950
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where does smallpox exist today?
in labs and biological weapons
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Why was there scarring for smallpox vaccination?
special needle used to create immune system response
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What is anthrax?
A bacteria that killed cow livestock
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What did Pasteur come up with?
attenuated
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Why must boosters be used for attenuated stuff?
Weak bacteria does not stimulate strong immune reaction and second injection produced more memory cells to be above threshold
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Attenuated Vaccine risk
infections as virus is alive
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What % of polio is paralytic?
1%
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What does the iron lung do?
treat paralyzed polio patients
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What was the Salk vaccine?
used to treat polio
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What type of vaccine is the Salk vaccine?
dead virus vaccine
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How was Salk vaccine administered?
injection and boosters
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Was the Salk vaccine safe?
yes extremely
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Why was one batch of Salk vaccine defective?
Cutter laboratories batch had live virus
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What is the Sabin vaccine?
poliovvirus vaccine
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What type of vaccine was Sabin?
Attenuated virus
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How was Sabin administered?
Given orally and no booster
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Where were Sabin clinical trials?
Russia
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Which polio vaccine was used worldwide?
Sabin
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Why did polio cases increase in 2009
due to politics made it difficult for aid workers to vaccinate others
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What does influenza cause?
seasonal colds
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Do occasional severe influenza pandemics occur?
yes
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What type of vaccine is the flu vaccine?
Dead virus
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Why is it important to get vaccinated early for the flu?
Takes 21 days for full immunity
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How do they predict which flu variant to use?
flu starts in asia so make educated guess
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Why is Flu effect so low?
flu season is in october but vaccines available in november
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Main side effect of Flue vaccine and why?
eggs as they are used to manufacture vaccine
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What is the downside to vaccines?
Benefits are hidden but side effects are noticeable
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What to modern anti-vaccine connect vaccines to?
Autism
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Why do anti-vaxers make this association for autisms?
Age 2 is the same age you get vaccinated and autism symptoms appear
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What study reinforced anti-vaxers autism thoughts?
Wakefield study- study measles but altered patient data
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Why were anti-vaxxers concerned with H1N1 vaccine?
because it contained thimerosal which contained mercury and altered brain
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What is thimerosal?
It's a preservative
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Why were anti-vaxxers wrong to think thimerosal was harmful?
it was not the neurological version therefor no autism
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What are adjuvants?
used to reduce need for booster shots
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What were early adjuvants
alum
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1970 adjuvants were what
lipids
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What did anti-vaxs blame Gulf war syndrome on?
squalene
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What is squalene
an adjuvant
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Did the military vaccine contain squalene?
No
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Is squalene a human metabolite?
yes
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Adverse effects of vaccine?
Sweeling, fever, dizziness
allergic reaction
disease
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When can disease occur when vaccine is administered
when vaccine is live or attenuated
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What diseases are erraticted due to vaccines?
Polio and diphtheria
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Why must we continue to vaccinate after elimination?
if it exists on plannet it can still spread
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Who keeps the disease alive?
unvaccinated
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What is heard immunity?
certain percentage of population has vaccine to prevent recirculation of disease
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Why can disease spread quickly now a days
its a plane ride away
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What vaccine did Japan discontinue?
Pertussis
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How many women are killed due to cervical cancer?
250 000
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Cervical cancer is a \_______ disease
viral
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Who get cervical cancer?
Sexual active women
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What is linked with cervical cancer?
genital warrts
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What causes warts
HPV
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Why are there so many types of HPV
each is specific to one tissue
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What do certain HPV genes destroy?
p53
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What part of virus can be used to get immune response?
Capsid
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Is HPV first recombinant vaccine?
No
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Guardasil Vaccine protects against what?
HPV
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How is Guardasil manufactured?
recombinant yeast
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When should Guardisil be administered?
Before sexually active?
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When do Guardisil only work?
If previously uninfected
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What is the major barrier to eliminated HPV and why?
politics and because tehy think people will go out to have more sex as they won't get STD
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What did media link HPV vaccine with?
paralysis
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