Vaccines (L10)

What happens to colds as age increases?

decrease as we have built immunity

What can minor illness create

scarring

Main concept of vaccines

create fake illness to activate immune system

True of false? The immune system knows ahead of time what you will. be infected with

False

What is immune system memory composed of?

pre stored large collection of molecules such as antibodies and receptors

How does immune system memory work?

Don't have enough storage to fit all types, therefore they store small amount of types so that when infection is recognized it can make copies

Why is the adaptive immune system slow?

Takes a couple of days to make appropriate material

Is the immune system highly selective?

yes

What are antibodies?

key recognition devices

characteristics of antibodies

y shaped molecule wth sticky surface

What do antibodies stick to?

epitopes

What is an epitope?

the part of an antigen molecule to which an antibody attaches itself

Why is antibody production random?

body selects which antibody works best and then makes large copies of that works

B cells

carries antibodies

IgD antibodies

located on B cell membranes where they act as antigen receptors

IgM antibodies

What happens after each infection?

memory cells are produced

What % of B cells are memory cells in adults

50%

What are T cells?

cells that destroy viruses

Why can't B cells recognize viruses

Because viruses live inside the cell

How does viral infected cell display virus?

Viral protein fragment on MHC receptor

What receptor do killer T cells have?

CD8

What receptor does helper T cell have?

CD4

How is infected cell recognized?

Killer T cell recognizes MHC display

What do helper T cells do?

send the kill signal

What do B cells kill?

Bacteria

Why is there 2 kinds of T cells?

To ensure no random cells dying

How to get memory without sickness?

stimulate manufacturing of memory cells

Mortality rate of small pox

20-40%

What % of smallpox survivors were disfigured

70-80%

Variolation

collecting puss from absessing and inject small amounts in children to build immunity

What did middle east use to cure smallpox?

variolation

What did Edward Jenner do?

Came up with variation of variolation and injected cowpox in small children

Why type of workers did not get infected smallpox and why?

Milk maids as they were infected with cowpox

Why was Edward Jenner's method low risk?

Because cowpox is a completely disease

Why is vaccination safer than variolation?

use a mild illness instead of severe illness

When was smallpox eradicated from industrial countries?

1950

where does smallpox exist today?

in labs and biological weapons

Why was there scarring for smallpox vaccination?

special needle used to create immune system response

What is anthrax?

A bacteria that killed cow livestock

What did Pasteur come up with?

attenuated

Why must boosters be used for attenuated stuff?

Weak bacteria does not stimulate strong immune reaction and second injection produced more memory cells to be above threshold

Attenuated Vaccine risk

infections as virus is alive

What % of polio is paralytic?

1%

What does the iron lung do?

treat paralyzed polio patients

What was the Salk vaccine?

used to treat polio

What type of vaccine is the Salk vaccine?

dead virus vaccine

How was Salk vaccine administered?

injection and boosters

Was the Salk vaccine safe?

yes extremely

Why was one batch of Salk vaccine defective?

Cutter laboratories batch had live virus

What is the Sabin vaccine?

poliovvirus vaccine

What type of vaccine was Sabin?

Attenuated virus

How was Sabin administered?

Given orally and no booster

Where were Sabin clinical trials?

Russia

Which polio vaccine was used worldwide?

Sabin

Why did polio cases increase in 2009

due to politics made it difficult for aid workers to vaccinate others

What does influenza cause?

seasonal colds

Do occasional severe influenza pandemics occur?

yes

What type of vaccine is the flu vaccine?

Dead virus

Why is it important to get vaccinated early for the flu?

Takes 21 days for full immunity

How do they predict which flu variant to use?

flu starts in asia so make educated guess

Why is Flu effect so low?

flu season is in october but vaccines available in november

Main side effect of Flue vaccine and why?

eggs as they are used to manufacture vaccine

What is the downside to vaccines?

Benefits are hidden but side effects are noticeable

What to modern anti-vaccine connect vaccines to?

Autism

Why do anti-vaxers make this association for autisms?

Age 2 is the same age you get vaccinated and autism symptoms appear

What study reinforced anti-vaxers autism thoughts?

Wakefield study- study measles but altered patient data

Why were anti-vaxxers concerned with H1N1 vaccine?

because it contained thimerosal which contained mercury and altered brain

What is thimerosal?

It's a preservative

Why were anti-vaxxers wrong to think thimerosal was harmful?

it was not the neurological version therefor no autism

What are adjuvants?

used to reduce need for booster shots

What were early adjuvants

alum

1970 adjuvants were what

lipids

What did anti-vaxs blame Gulf war syndrome on?

squalene

What is squalene

an adjuvant

Did the military vaccine contain squalene?

No

Is squalene a human metabolite?

yes

Adverse effects of vaccine?

Sweeling, fever, dizziness
allergic reaction
disease

When can disease occur when vaccine is administered

when vaccine is live or attenuated

What diseases are erraticted due to vaccines?

Polio and diphtheria

Why must we continue to vaccinate after elimination?

if it exists on plannet it can still spread

Who keeps the disease alive?

unvaccinated

What is heard immunity?

certain percentage of population has vaccine to prevent recirculation of disease

Why can disease spread quickly now a days

its a plane ride away

What vaccine did Japan discontinue?

Pertussis

How many women are killed due to cervical cancer?

250 000

Cervical cancer is a \_______ disease

viral

Who get cervical cancer?

Sexual active women

What is linked with cervical cancer?

genital warrts

What causes warts

HPV

Why are there so many types of HPV

each is specific to one tissue

What do certain HPV genes destroy?

p53

What part of virus can be used to get immune response?

Capsid

Is HPV first recombinant vaccine?

No

Guardasil Vaccine protects against what?

HPV

How is Guardasil manufactured?

recombinant yeast

When should Guardisil be administered?

Before sexually active?

When do Guardisil only work?

If previously uninfected

What is the major barrier to eliminated HPV and why?

politics and because tehy think people will go out to have more sex as they won't get STD

What did media link HPV vaccine with?

paralysis