chemistry reaction summary

what do these reagents due to a primary alcohol

turn it into an aldehyde

what do these reagents do to a secondary alcohol

turn it into a ketone

what does ozonolysis do

breaks the double bond to form 2 separate carbonyl compounds

what does friedel’s craft do

adds the carbonyl part of an acyl chloride to a compound

what does DIBALH do to an ester or nitrile

reduce them to an aldehyde

what does LiALH(t-BuO)3 do to an acyl chloride

reduces it to an aldehyde

what does LiALH4, DIBALH, and NaBH4 do to a ketone

reduce them into secondary alcohols

what does LiALH4, DIBALH, and NaBH4 do to an aldehyde

reduce them into primary alcohols

what does wolf kishner and clemmenson do (Zn/Hg /HCL)

completely reduces ketones and aldehydes to alkanes

what does a grignard reaction do

turn the carbonyl into an alcohol and attach an R group

what does adding NaOH or a strong acid do to an aldehyde

makes a hydrate

what does adding HCN to an aldehyde do

create a cyanohydride

what does acid plus heat do to a nitrile

create a carboxylic acid

what does LiAlH4 and water do so a nitrile

turn it into an amine (the nitrile carbon remains. can be used to lengthen chains for carbonyls)

what does RNH2 do to ketones and aldehydes

turn them into imines

what does RNH do to aldehydes and ketones

turn them into enamines

what does adding ROH and cat. HCl do to a ketone or aldehyde

turn them into ketals/acetals

how do you turn an acetal and ketal back into a ketone or aldehyde

cat. HCL and water

which is the hemiacetal and which is the hemiketal

the top is the hemiacetal and the bottom is the hemiketal

what does the witting reaction end in

an alkene with addition of an R group

what do these reagents do to aldehydes

turn them into a carboxylic acid

what does bayer villiger oxidation do

turn ketones into esters and aldehydes into carboxylic acids

what does hot KMnO4 do

create carboxylic acid and split alkenes into 2 carboxylic acids

what does chromic acid do to primary alcohols and aldehydes

turn them into carboxylic acids

what does these reagents do to a nitrile

turn it into a carboxylic acid

what do these reagents do

1. create carboxylic acid and HCl

2. create a salt and NaCl

3. create an ester and pyradine salt

4. create an amine

5. create a secondary amine

6. create a tertiary amine

7. create an aldehyde

8. create a primary alcohol

9. create a ketone

10. add 2 methyls and reduce carbonyl to alcohol

11. create an anhydride

12. create an anhydride

what is the results of these reagents

an acyl chloride

what is the result of this plus PBr3

bromine replaces OH

what do these regents do to a carboxylic acid

change the OH to the halogen

what do these reagents do

1. a salt

2. reduction to primary alcohol

3. ester and water

4. salt that can be turned into an amine with heat

5. an amine

6. anhydride with HCl

what do these reagents do to a lactome

1. open into 2 alchols on both ends

2. salt on both ends

3. reduction to primary alcohol on both ends

4. alcohol on both ends with R group added to the old carbonyl position

5. alcohol on one end and hydrogen on the other

what do these reagents do to an anhydride

1. one side becomes an ester the other a carboxylic acid

2. 2 carboxylic acids

3. 2 salts

4. a primary amine and NH4 salt

5. a secondary amine and NH3-R salt

6. a tertiary amine and R-NH3 salt

7. 2 primary alcohols

what do these reagents do to an ester

1. carboxylic acid and EtOH

2. salt and NaOEt

3. reduction to a primary alcohol and EtOH

4. OH and R groups added/ changed into

5. aldehyde and EtOH

what happens in each reaction

1. makes an anhydride plus water

2. ring closure

3. lactone plus water

what happens in each reaction

1. one side becomes an ester and the other an alcohol

2. one side becomes an amine and the other a negatively charged O

what does this reaction end in

an imide

what is the result of this reaction

ring closes to make cyclic amide plus water

what does this reaction do. How can this reaction be reversed

protect the amine, Pd/C and H2

what reagents can make polymers

what is the result of all these reactions

a nitrile

what is the result of each reaction

1. an amine

2. an aldehyde

3. a ketone

which is the keto tautomer and enol tautomer

left is keto, right is enol

what is the end of this reaction

adds bromine to the alpha carbon

what is the product of this reaction

a carboxylic acid and R-X

what is the product of each reaction

1. NH3 in place of bromine and negative O

2. OH in place of Br

3. CN in place of Br

what is the product of this reaction and what can you do after the initial addition

a H gets replaced with an R group. After you can use tuBuOK to add another R group

which side creates which product

left= kinetic, right=thermodynamic

what is the product of this reaction

carboxylation then decarboxylation of a single side