m1 - m13 metabolic processes

formula for aerobic cellular respiration

c6h12o6+o2 —> co2 + h20

pathways for cellular respiration

glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, krebs cycle, and etc

endosymbiotic theory

mitochondria and chloroplasts were free-living prokaryotic cells that were engulfed by host cell and formed permanent, mutually beneficial relationship

hydrolysation of ADP forms ___

ADP and Pi

what is the goal of cellular respiration

put ADP and Pi back together to make ATP

what are the two methods of cellular respiration

1. substrate level phosphorylation

2. oxidative phosphorylation

in oxidative phosphorylation, how is ATP formed

• formed indirectly from oxidation of other molecules

• uses electron carriers NAD+ and FAD

• energy is released from redox reactions

in substrate level phosphorylation, how is ATP formed

• enzyme-catalyzed reaction

• a phosphate containing compound gives phosphate to ADP —> ATP

where does glycolysis occur

glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm

step 1. phosphorylation (glycolysis)

• glucose is phosphorylated (adds phosphate)

• makes —> glucose 6-phosphate

• requires one ATP

step 2. rearrangement (glycolysis)

• glucose 6-phosphate is rearranged to its isomer

• —> fructose 6-phosphate

step 3. phosphorylation (glycolysis)

• fructore 6-phosphate is phosphorylated

• —> fructore 1,6-biphosphate

• requires one atp

step 4. cleavage(glycolysis)

• fructose 1,6-biphosphate (6c) is split into 3c

• glcyeraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P)

• dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP_

step 5. rearrangement (glycolysis)

• DHAP is converted to G3P

step 6. oxidation (glycolysis)

• both G3P are oxidized (loses electron)

• NAD+ (electron carrier) grabs electron and becomes NADH

• exergonic reaction

• energy released is used to phosphorylate the two G3P

• makes two 1,3-biphosphoglycerate (BPG)

step 7. substrate level phosphorylation (glycolysis)

• the phosphate that was added to both G3P is removed

• —> 3-phosphoglycerate (3PG)

• that phosphate that was removed is added to ADP

• ADP —> ATP

step 8. rearrangement (glycolysis)

• 3PG is rearranged to form its isomer

• —> 2-phosphoglycerate (2PG)

step 9.dehydration (glycolysis)

• water is removed from both 2PG molecules

• —> phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP)

step 10. substrate level phosphorylation (glycolysis)

• phosphate in each PEP is transferred to ADP

• —> ATP

• each PEP becomes pyruvate

what goes into glycolysis

glucose, 2atp, 2nad+

what comes out in glycolysis

2 pyruvate, 4atp, 2nadh

what are the two outcomes of glycolysis?

1. no oxygen present - pyruvate is eliminated as waste

2. oxygen is present - pyruvate is transported into matrix of mitochondria

step 1. decarboxylation (pyruvate oxidation)

• co2 is removed

• co2—> waste

step 2. oxidation (pyruvate oxidation)

• pyruvate is oxidized, removing electron

• NAD+ picks up electron —> NADH

step 3: coenzyme A group added (pyruvate oxidation)

• coenzyme A is added

• —> Acetyl CoA (2x)

step 1. citrate formation (krebs cycle)

• 2c acetyl CoA + 4c oxaloacetate —> 6c citric acid

• coenzyme A is removed

step 2. rearrangement (krebs cycle)

• citrate is rearranged to its isomer —> isocitrate

step 3. oxidation (krebs cycle)

• isocitrate is oxidized (removes electron)

• —> a-ketoglutarate

• NAD+ picks up electron —> NADH

• co² is released

step 4. oxidation (krebs cycle)

• a-ketoglutarate is oxidized

• co² is released

• NAD+ —> NADH

• 4c a-ketoglutarate gets attached to coenzyme A group —> succinyl coA

step 5. ATP creation (krebs cycle)

• coA of succinyl coA is stripped and replaced with a phosphate group —> succinate

• energy and phosphate is released transforming ADP —> ATP

step 6. oxidation (krebs cycle)

• succinate is oxidized —> 4c fumerate

• FAD —> FAD2

step 7. malate formation (krebs cycle)

• water is added to fumate —> malate

step 8. oxidation (krebs cycle)

• malate is oxidized

• NAD+ —> NADH

• forms oxaloacetate

where does oxidative phosphorylation occur?

mitochondrial membrane

what are the two parts of oxidative phosphorylation

1. electron transport chain (ETC)

2. chemiosmosis

ETC

electrons are passed along by a series of electron carriers

what are electron carriers for NADH

1. NADH Dehydrogenase complex

2. Ubiquinone

3. cytochrome b-c1 complex

4. cytochome c

5. o² —> h2o

what are electron carriers for FADH²

1. succinate complex

2. cytochrome b-c1 complex

3. cytochrome c

4. cytochrome oxidase

5. o² —> h2o

what is the energy that’s released from electron movement used for?

pump h+ from matrix to intermembrance space

what are the proton pumps?

1. NADH dehydrogenase

2. Cytochrome b-c1 complex

3. cytochrome oxidase

what is the h+ concentration in different parts of mitochondria?

in matrix —> low h+

in intermembrane space —> high h+

what is chemiosmosis

potentional energy from glucose is now found across the h+ gradient across inner membrane

what are the different charges for different concentrations of h+

high h+ —> positive charge

low h+ —> negative charge

what is atp synthase

multi-enzyme complex that allows h+ to pass through the inner mitochondrial membrane

how does atp synthase make ATP

when h+ are trying to go across membrance (high-low h+ concentration) it has to go through ATP synthase —> kinetic energy makes ATP

how many ATP for every molecule of glucose using ATP synthase?

32 atp / molecule of glucose

what is an anaerobic pathway used for?

• absence of oxygen

• end of glycolysis, pyruvate stays in cytoplasm

what is the problem if the source of ATP was ONLY from glycolysis?

NADH cannot turn back into NAD+ to help glycolysis

how do we regenerate NAD+

1. ethanol fermentation

2. lactic acid fermentation

step 1. decarboxylation (ethanol fermentation)

• co2 is removed from pyruvate

• —> acetaldehyde

step 2. reduction (ethanol fermentation)

• NADH —> NAD+

• —> ethanol as waste product

step 1. reduction (lactic acid fermentation)

• NADH —> NADH

• makes lactic acid as waste product

what other macromolecules also contain energy?

• lipids

• proteins

• nucleic acids

how are macromolecules used in generating ATP?

• digested into monomers

• fed into cellular respiration at various parts

when a triglyceride is broken down, what happens to each part?

• glycerol —> converted to G3P and used in glycolysis

• 3 fatty acids —> carbon is removed, combined with coenzyme A —> acetyl coA

b-oxidation

when carbon is removed from fatty acid and is combined with coenzyme A —> acetyl coA

what is protein broken down into?

amino acids

deamination

• removing an animo acid

• r-group is remainder

• nh3 is converted to urea

how does an amino acid enter cellular respiration?

depending on r-group, it either enters as pyruvate, acetyl coA, or krebs cycle

G3P

glyceraldehylde-3-phosphate

DHAP

dihydroxyacetone phosphate

electromagentic energy

a form of energy that travels in waves

examples of different forms of electromagnetic energy

radio waves, radiant heat, visible light, x-rays

how does electromagnetic energy travel

photons

what are photons

packets of energy

what does the wavelength of a photon determine

determines the form of electromagnetic energy

___and ____ inversely proportional

wavelength and energy

3 interactions light can have with matter

transmission, reflection, absorption

fluorescene

the emission of light by a molecule that has previously absorbed light

photoautotrophs

organisms that use the energy from light to synthesize their own organic compounds

formula for photosynthesis

co2 + h20 —> c6h1206 + o2

what are the two pathways of photosynthesis

1. light dependent reaction

2. light independent reaction (calvin cycle)