Energy Expenditure at Rest and testing metabolic performance

60-75% daily energy expenditure

resting metabolic rate

15-30%

thermic effect of physical activity

10%

Thermic effect of feeding

Basal Metabolic Rate

energy to maintain vital functions in a wake state, 12 hr fast, no exercise 24hr(like bedrest)

Resting metabolic rate

energy to maintain vital functions plus digestion, measured 3-4 hr after a meal

allometric scaling

establishes a relationship between body size and a variable such as muscular strength and aerobic capacity

How does resistance training affect basal metabolic rate?

increases bmr by increasing fat free mass

how does endurance training impact bmr?

increases bmr without increasing ffm

Measurement of BMR Values

Kcal per square meter of surface area

Estimating Resting daily energy expenditure

RDEE=BMR X M²

contribution of diverse tissues

-muscle more active than fat

-brain has high metabolic rate

-during exercise muscle metabolism may increase x100

factors that affect energy expenditure

-physical activity

-diet-induced thermogenesis

-climate

-pregnancy

physical activity

largest variable in daily exercise expenditure

diet induced thermogenesis

-calorigenic effect of food on exercise metabolism

-energy required to digest, absorb, and assimilate nutrients

Climate

hot or cold environments can increase energy expenditure

pregnancy

increases bmr due to added weight gain during pregnancy

physical activity ratio

determined by ratio of energy required in relation to bmr

light work

1-3 x bmr

heavy work

6-8 x bmr

maximal work

greater than 8 x bmr

MET=metabolic equivalent

exercise intensity described relative to resting rate

used to guide exercise intensity

met formula

1 MET = 3.5 ml O₂ x kg^-1 x min^-1

heart rate and o2 consumption

-linear relationship exists, though is not indentical for everyone

factors altering hr

temp, food intake, muscle groups worked, emotions, humidity, static vs dynamic work, body position

gross energy expenditure

total energy required for an activity, including resting rate

Net energy expenditure

gross energy expenditure-resting energy expenditure

Mechanical efficiency

the ratio of work output to energy input during physical activity. reflects the amount of energy transferred into doing work

external work is measured as

Force x distance

-kg-m

-watts

Economy of movement

energy required to maintain constant velocity of movement

more skilled athletes perform same activity with a ____ energy requirement

reduced

Influence of body mass on walking

-speed

-mass is factored in as resistance

-ppl w larger mass expend more energy at the same pace

energy expenditure is ____ on soft surfaces

greater

up hill grades and steep downhills require______ energy

increased

impact of foot wear on walking and energy

-added weight to feet or legs increases energy requirement

-shoes balance cushioning effects with weight

the use of hand held and ankle weights while walking___ energy expenditure close to that of___

increase, running

hand helf weights have a greater impact on energy expenditure when running (true or false?)

false

why isnt economy good in competition walking?

energy expenditure increases at a faster rate for competitive walking in comparison to running

net energy cost values for running at a set distance are similar or different for different speeds?

similar

Speed for running is dependent on ?

stride length and frequency

speed in competition walking is increased by?

stride frequency

optimum stride length is dependent on

level of minimum effort

children have a _____ running economy than adults?

lower

How much more O2 per unit of mass do children require to run at the same pace as an adult?

20-30%

air resistance

is the opposing force that affects running efficiency and energy expenditure.

factors that effect air resistance

-air density

-runners projected surface area

-square of velocity

Drafting

is a technique used by runners where one athlete positions themselves closely behind another to reduce air resistance and conserve energy.

Treadmill and track running have _____energy requirements at the same speed

similar

athletes at top speeds may encounter ___ air resistance on the track

increased

Methods of measurement for swimming

-portable metabolic systems

- tethering

-flume

total drag force is determined by

-wave drag

-skin friction drag

-viscous pressure drag

wave drag

The resistance experienced by an object moving through water due to the formation of waves

skin friction drag

The resistance experienced by an object moving through water due to the friction between the object's surface and the water.

viscous pressure drag

The resistance caused by pressure differences around an object moving through a fluid, contributing to the overall drag force.

ways to reduce effects of drag force

-wet suits

-drafting

resistance ___ as velocity increases

increases

freestyle or front crawl is ______ efficient than backcrawl or breast stroke

more

breast stroke is ___ efficient than freestyle or back crawl

less

cold water__ additional energy costs

adds

optimal temp for water

82-86 degrees

would a lean individual be more or less buoyant?

Less

women tend to be ___ economical due to added buoyancy

more

endurance swimming is influenced by

-economy

-thermal insulation probvided by body fat

Specifiicity

high vo2 max in one event doesn’t ensure a high vo2 max in another

-high aerobic power does not ensure high anaerobic power

VO2 max

max rate of o2 consumption during event

Generality

high aerobic power usually indicates above power in related activities

Power tests

used to measure brief maximal capacity-measure creatine phosphate and systems. lasts shorter than 6 sec

Power is calculated as

power= force x distance/time

power is expressed in

watts

stair sprinting power tests

time to sprint 6 steps, 3 at a time

stair sprinting power

power=kg body wt x distance in meters/time in seconds

vertical jump test has a___ correlation with scares and actual atp-pc energy transfer

low

power is task specific (t/f)?

true

Eval of short term energy system(glycolysis)

-after few sec work, glycolysis generates energy for atp resynthesis

-as glycolysis increases, lactate accumulates

_______levels provide the most common indicator of glycolytic activity

blood lactate

the influence of __________ make selection of a suitable criterion and developing norms for anaerobic power and performance test norms difficult

-age

-sex

-body size

-skill

-motivation

katch test

An anaerobic power test assessing maximal effort in tasks like cycling or sprinting, used to estimate anaerobic capacity.

Wingate test

A standardized anaerobic test that involves a short, intense exercise bout, typically using a cycle ergometer, to measure peak power, mean power, and fatigue.

why do children score lower than adults on power tests?

-decreased intramuscular glycogen stores

-slower rate of glycogen utilization during exercise

mechanisms for sex differences

-difference in muscle fiber types

-diff in catecholamine response to exercise

Max accumulated O2 deficit

A measure of the maximum oxygen deficit that occurs during high-intensity exercise

how is MAOD determined?

using linear exercise intensity O2 consumption relationship, predicts supramaximal o2 comsumption and actual O2 consumption

-data collected from several submaximal treadmill trials

Bloods lactate levels current use vs past use

currently: quantities of lactate tells us that it ius being ised to generate and store energy in other tissue

past: measured to indicate contribution of glycolysis

Maximal exercise loads quickly__ muscle glycogen

deplete

Role of glycogen in maximal exercise

-most rapid rephosphorylation of ATP

-only macronutrient that anaerobically resynthesizes ATP

High intensity exercise depletes type _____muscle fibers

type 2

Low intensity, long term exercise depletes type___ fibers

type 1

factors contributing to anaerobic energy transfer capacity

-training

-capacity to buffer acid metabolites

-motivation

Anaerobically trained individuals have ____ lactate generating capabilities and __ depletion of muscle glycogen

greater, greater

training does/does not increase alkaline reserve?

does not

What can be ingested to increase buffering capacity?

sodium bicarbonate

Maximal oxygen capacity plays a large role in determining what kind of performance?

endurance

systems necessary to attain high vo2 max

-pulmonary

-cv

-neuromuscular function

Criteria for max o2 consumption

-leveling off of o2 consumption despite increase in exercise intensity generally means that vo2 max has been reached

secondary creteria for vo2 max

-RER of R greater than 1.5

-blood lactate 70-80 mg mg/dl or 8-10 mmol

-age predicted max HR

RER

Co2 produced/O2 consumed

VO2 peak

leveling off has not occurred

-indicates highest level attained during exercise test

can manipulation of test protocol increase VO2 max?

yes when a booster test is done (increases approx. 1%

factors that affect max o2 consumprion

-mode of exercise

-heredity

-state of training

-sex

-body size and composition

-age

Mode of exercise

influences muscle mass activated