Rbm

Aldol Condensation

• **Reaction:** 2 CH₃CHO --(dil. NaOH)--> CH₃CH(OH)CH₂CHO<br> - Aldehyde/Ketone with α-H

Cannizzaro Reaction

• **Reaction:** 2 HCHO --(conc. NaOH)--> CH₃OH + HCOONa<br> - Aldehyde without α-H

Clemmensen Reduction

• **Reaction:** CH₃COCH₃ --(Zn-Hg / HCl)--> CH₃CH₂CH₃<br> - Carbonyl to Alkane

Wolff-Kishner Reduction

• **Reaction:** CH₃COCH₃ --(NH₂NH₂ / KOH)--> CH₃CH₂CH₃<br> - Carbonyl to Alkane (basic medium)

Tollens' Test

• **Reaction:** CH₃CHO + 2[Ag(NH₃)₂]OH → CH₃COONH₄ + 2Ag↓<br> - Silver mirror indicates aldehyde

Iodoform Test

• **Reaction:** CH₃COCH₃ + 3I₂ + 4NaOH → CHI₃↓ + CH₃COONa<br> - Yellow ppt indicates CH₃CO- group

Rosenmund Reduction

• **Reaction:** CH₃COCl + H₂ --(Pd/BaSO₄)--> CH₃CHO<br> - Acid chloride to Aldehyde

2,4-DNP Test

• **Reaction:** Carbonyl + 2,4-DNP → Yellow/Orange ppt<br> - Indicates presence of C=O

Identify Compound 'A' (Iodoform + Tollens)

• **Identity:** Ethanal (CH₃CHO)<br> - Iodoform = CH₃CO- group<br> - Tollens = -CHO group

Compound 'A' + dil. NaOH

• **Reaction:** 2 CH₃CHO → CH₃CH(OH)CH₂CHO<br> - Product: 3-Hydroxybutanal (Aldol condensation)

Compound 'A' + HCN (hydrolysis)

• **Reaction:** CH₃CHO → CH₃CH(OH)CN → CH₃CH(OH)COOH<br> - Product: Lactic acid

Compound 'A' + CH₃MgI (hydrolysis)

• **Reaction:** CH₃CHO → CH₃CH(OMgI)CH₃ → CH₃CH(OH)CH₃<br> - Product: Propan-2-ol

Identify Compound 'M' (3C, Iodoform+, Tollens-)

• **Identity:** Acetone (CH₃COCH₃)<br> - 3 Carbons, CH₃CO- group, no -CHO

Compound 'M' + dil. NaOH

• **Reaction:** 2 CH₃COCH₃ → CH₃C(OH)(CH₃)CH₂COCH₃<br> - Product: Diacetone alcohol

Convert Compound 'M' to Propene

• **Step 1:** CH₃COCH₃ + H₂/Ni → CH₃CH(OH)CH₃<br>• **Step 2:** CH₃CH(OH)CH₃ + conc. H₂SO₄/170°C → CH₃CH=CH₂

Compound 'M' + HCN (hydrolysis)

• **Reaction:** CH₃COCH₃ → CH₃C(OH)(CN)CH₃ → CH₃C(OH)(COOH)CH₃<br> - Product: 2-Hydroxy-2-methylpropanoic acid

Compound 'M' + CH₃MgBr (hydrolysis)

• **Reaction:** CH₃COCH₃ → CH₃C(OMgBr)(CH₃)CH₃ → CH₃C(OH)(CH₃)CH₃<br> - Product: tert-Butyl alcohol

Prep 'M' (Acetone) from 2,2-Dichloropropane

• **Reaction:** CH₃CCl₂CH₃ + H₂O --(NaOH)--> CH₃COCH₃

Identify A, B, C, D (Silver Powder Word Problem)

• **A = 1,2-Dibromoethane**<br>• **B = Ethyne (HC≡CH)**<br>• **C = Ethanal (CH₃CHO)**<br>• **D = 3-Hydroxybutanal**<br> - *Correction:* Reduction of ethanoyl chloride gives C, not D.

Reaction Sequence: A to D

• **Step 1:** A --(Ag powder, heat)--> HC≡CH (B)<br>• **Step 2:** HC≡CH + H₂O --(dil. H₂SO₄, 1% HgSO₄)--> CH₃CHO (C)<br>• **Step 3:** 2 CH₃CHO --(dil. NaOH)--> CH₃CH(OH)CH₂CHO (D)

Identify Compound (Specimen Preservative)

• **Identity:** Formalin<br>• **IUPAC Name:** Methanal (HCHO)

Formalin + conc. NaOH

• **Reaction:** 2 HCHO --(conc. NaOH)--> CH₃OH + HCOONa<br> - Cannizzaro reaction (Methanol + Sodium formate)

Prep Formalin from Methanol

• **Reaction:** CH₃OH --(Cu, 300°C)--> HCHO + H₂

Prep Urinary Antiseptic (Urotropine)

• **Reaction:** 6 HCHO + 4 NH₃ → (CH₂)₆N₄ + 6 H₂O

Calculate pH of 1.5 M NaOH

• **Step 1:** pOH = -log[OH⁻] = -log(1.5) = -0.17<br>• **Step 2:** pH = 14 - pOH = 14 - (-0.17)<br>• **Answer:** pH = 14.17

Calculate pH of 1.46g NaOH in 250mL water

• **Step 1:** Moles = 1.46g / 40 g/mol = 0.0365 mol<br>• **Step 2:** Molarity = 0.0365 mol / 0.25 L = 0.146 M<br>• **Step 3:** pOH = -log(0.146) = 0.835<br>• **Step 4:** pH = 14 - 0.835<br>• **Answer:** pH = 13.165