Jay exam 1

Sea lamprey

Exception to free living

Walking catfish

Exception to aquatic

Some tuna

Exception to cold blooded

Lungfish

Exception to gill breathing

Coelacanths

Exception to fins and not pentadactyl limbs

Agnatha

Jawless fishes

Chondrichthyes

Sharks and rays

Osteichthyes

Boney fishes

Monophyletic

A group with a single common ancestor and all of the ancestor’s descendants. Reflects a complete branch of the tree of life. Supported by unique, shared derived characteristics known as synapomorphies.

Paraphyletic

Includes the common ancestor but intentionally excludes one or more distinct descendant groups.

Polyphyletic

Groups of organisms that do not share an immediate common ancestor. Organisms are grouped together because they independently developed a similar superficial characteristic via convergent evolution.

Synapomorphies

Uniqe, shared derived characteristics

Tunicates

Marine invertebrates belonging to the subphylum Tunicata. The only chordates that have lost their myomeric segmentation. Replicate by budding and become colonies.

Cranietes

Have heads; 2 clusters of Hox genes while the early chordates, lancelets, and tunicates only have 1; genes that produce signaling molecules and transcription factors are duplicated in craniates.

Aristotle

Early observation of fish

American aborigines

Would exchange fish with each other

Gonzalo Frenandex De Oviedo

First naturalist explorer of America; studied the freshwater shark in Lake Nicaragua

George Macgrave

Brazil 1638; published “The Natural History of Brazil” (1648); first important work of American fauna and flora

Francis Willoughby

Englishman; first to put fish in anatomical groups

Peter Artedi

Swede; responsible for Linnaeus’ Ideas on Biological Classification

Alexander Rodriquez Ferreira

Brazil; collected Vanellia (Candiru); named osteoglossum; collected Arapaima

John Natterer

1817; discovered Lepidosiren (S. Am. Lungfish)

Georges Cuvier

Published “Regne Animal” 1817/1829; descriptions based on Ferreira’s collections; listed as “Gifts of Lisbon”

Louis Agassiz

Finished von Spix’s treatise on Brazilian Fishes; own collection at Museum Composite Zoology; believed every single species is a thought of God; his work of taxonomy was then to translate into human language the thoughts of the Creator; taught at Harvard; believed the best way to teach science was to scrutinize nature; his motto: study nature, not books

Lulu Miller

Why Fish Don’t Exist

William Maclure and Thomas Say

Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences (1812); Thomas was an American entomologist, conchologist, and herpetologist; Thomas has been called the father of American descriptive entomology and American conchology; the pair of them went on a geological expedition to the offshore islands of Georgia and Florida, then a Spanish colony to collect insects

Samuel L. Mitchell

“The Fishes of New York,” taught chemistry, botany, and natural history at Columbia college from 1972 to 1801; was elected a U.S. senator from NY to Nov. 1804

James Dekay

“Natural History of New York,” American zoologist, worked with John William Hill to provide full descriptions and drawings for 700 of the nearly 2300 animals they estimated to exist in NY

J. P. Kirtland

Ohio; published 6 papers on land and freshwater mollusks. Also widely published on fishes and herps; Kirtland’s water snake (Regina kirtandii) named in his honor

James C. Brevoort

Published “Notes on Some Japanese Fish” in 1856; was president of the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals in New York

William O. Ayres

1840s; studied Polyterus in W. Africa; Founder of California Academy of Science; wrote several papers on the fish of California

Samuel Rafinesque

Wrote Ichthyologia Ohiensis in 1820, which is a natural history of fishes inhabiting the Ohio river and its tributaries

Charles Alexander LeSuer

Atlantic Coastal Forms; most important memoir was a monograph of suckers; was appointed curator of the Museum d’Histoire Naturelle du Havre in 1845

Charles Girard

Student of L. Agassiz; Mexian Boundary; Pacific Railroad Surveys; worked in the Smithsonian Institution on its growing collection of North American reptiles, amphibians, and fishes; was awarded the Cuvier Prize by the Institute of France for his work on North American reptiles and fishes; medic for the confederacy

Spencer Baird

From Carlisle, PA (1823-1887); Commissioner of Fisheries/sec. of Smithsonian; initiated the U.S. Fish Commission

Albert Gunther

(1830-1914); worked on a catalogue of the Fishes of the British Museum

George A. Boulenger

Studied Central American Fish; curator of the British Museum

E. D. Cope

(1840-1897); partook in bad practices (wine and women); was a rapist so they changed the name of his study on Eastern N.A. Fishes

C. Tate Regan

1878-1943; British Ichthyologist that did extensive work on fish classification schemes; described Betta splendens; has many fish named in his honor

T. N. Gill

1837-1914; first to look at higher order taxonomy; worked at the Smithsonian Institution in 1863 cataloging mammals, fishes, and mollusks; was a member of the American Philosophical Society in 1867

Ethelwynn Trewavas

1900-1993; pioneered work on Lake Malawi cichlids in 1923; called her E.T. at the British Museum; best work on Talapian Fishes

David Starr Jordan

1851-1831; Father of Ichthyology in North America; his goal was to memorize every student’s name at Stanford, but stopped when he realized he was forgetting fish names; wrote: Synopsis of the Fishes of North America, Fishes of North and Middle America, The Genera of Fishes, The Classification of Fishes, Guide to the Study of Fishes; driving goal was to “Bring order to the chaos of the earth by uncovering the shape of the great tree of life.”; greatly influenced by Darwin; concluded that perhaps the most difficult concept was that species are not hard immutable categories in nature; “Nature doesn’t jump.”

Reeve Bailey

Worked at the University of Michigan as a curator of fishes at the Museum of Zoology; was the president of the American fisheries society in 1974-1975

George Myers

American ichthyologist who spent most of his career at Stanford University; served as the editor of Stanford Ichthyological Bulletin as well as president of the American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists; advisor in fisheries and ichthyology to the Brazilion Government

Edward Raney

Built enduring fish collections and field-connected training at Cornell University; work created the institutional foundation for applied ichthyology and aquatic conservation across the Northeast; worked on fish culture and propagation topics; described most of the freshwater fish east of the Mississippi river; Jay studied under him

Olfactory

sense of smell

Optic

vision

Oculomotor

facial, move eye

Trochlear

eye muscles

Trigeminal

facial

Advcens

focus eyes

Facial

expressions

Glossopharyngeal

tongue

Vagus

coordination//arm and foot

Accessory

chest, back, shoulders

Hypoglossal

tongue

Squamation

The arrangement of scales on an animal

Naked

Ictaluridae, Petromyzontidae

Partially scaled

Polyodontidae

Large bony plates

Syngnathidae (pipe fishes, seahorses), Acipenseridae

Deeply imbedded

Anguillidae

Small scales

Salmonidae

Scaled

Centrarchidae

Placoid

Platelike with cusp (sharks and rays)

Rhombic/ganoid

Diamond shaped (bowfin, gar, bichir, sturgeon)

Cycloid

disclike, circular (carp)

Ctenoid

posterior margin toothed (perch, sunfish)

schematochromes

colors due to physical configuration

Biochromes

True pigments

Carotenoids

Yellow, red

Chromolipoids

yellow to brown

Indigoids

blue, red, green

Melanins

black, brown

chromatophores

pigment-containing cells; assorted in hue; impart true color; found in dermis, outside or beneath scales, in peritoneum (lining of the abdominal cavity)

viviparous

internal fertilization with a placenta; dogfish

oviparity

external fertilization, external development; sunfish, some catfish

ovoviviparity

internal fertilization, internal development, no placenta; Poeciliidae

Gymnogenesis

A system of asexual reproduction that requires the presence of sperm without the actual contribution of its DNA for completion. The egg cell of the organism is able to develop, unfertilized, into an adult using only maternal genetic material; Amazon Molly