Chapter 35 - The muscular skeletal system

What are the functions of the muscular skeletal system

• Strong muscles and rigid bones allow the body to move.

• The skeleton supports the internal organs and gives the body shape.

• The skeleton protects he brain, lungs and heart

• The contraction of muscles creates heat.

• Red and white blood cells, as well as platelets, are produced within the bones.

• Bone stores minerals like calcium and phosphorous, Muscle is used to store carbohydrates in the form of glycogen.

What is a bone and what are its two main categories

• Bone is a specialised connective tissue composed of bone cells embedded in a matrix of collagen and calcium salts.

• The two main categories are:

  • Compact bone contains a compressed matrix, making it very hard and durable.

  • Spongy bone has an open matrix and contains blood cell producing red bone marrow.

What is a muscle and what are the three types?

• Muscle is a specialised tissue made from cells that can contract when stimulated.

• The three types of muscle tissues are:

  • Skeletal muscle is a type of muscle that attaches to our skeleton to form the musculoskeletal system.

  • Cardiac muscle is muscle found only in the heart.

  • Smooth muscle is found in our digestive tract, arteries and veins.

What are the three connective tissues?

• Ligaments connect bone to bone.

• Tendons connect muscle to bone.

• Cartilage surrounds and cushions bone.

What are the two main divisions of the skeleton?

The axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton

What is the axial skeleton?

The skeleton forming the body’s central axil: skull, vertebral column, ribcage and sternum

What is the main function of the skull and how many bones is it made out of?

it’s made of 22 fused bones, the skull protects the brain and sense organs within

What is the function of the rib cage and how many bones is ie made out of?

it’s made of 12 pairs of ribs protect the lungs and heart inside the chest

What is the function of the sternum?

This strong bone at the centre of the chest strengthens the ribcage

What is the function of the vertebral column

It protects the spinal cord and provides attachment points for the muscles of the neck and back

What and how many bones is the vertebral column made out of?

The spine is made of 33 vertebrae, which have five distinct regions:

• 7 cervical vertebrae in the neck

• 12 thoracic vertebrae in the chest

• 5 lumbar vertebrae in the lower back

• 5 fused sacral vertebrae in the sacrum

• 4 fused vertebrae in the coccyx (or tailbone)

What are vertebrae?

Individual bones that form the vertebral column

What is a verbal disc?

A flexible disc between vertebrae that cushions and separates them.

What is the appendicular skeleton?

The appendicular skeleton consists of the pectoral and pelvic girdles.

What are the bones that consist the pectoral girdle

• the clavicle (collar bone)

• the scapula (shoulder blade)

What is the function of the pectoral girdle?

The pectoral girdle connects the upper limbs to the axial skeleton, allowing shoulder movement

What is the function of the pelvic girdle?

The pelvic girdles connects the lower limbs to the axial skeleton

What bones do the arms consist of?

Humerus, radius, ulna

What joint does the humerus form?

A ball and socket joint with the scapula. (the end of the humerus is shaped like a ball and the scapula has a bowl-shaped depression)

What three main bones does the leg consist of?

femur, tibia, fibula, patella

Describe the three types of joints?

Movable	Semi-movable	Freely movable
They permit minimal or no movement.  Examples: the skull and pelvis.	These joints allow some limited movement. Cartilage is usually the material binding the bones. An example is the vertebrae in the spine.	They permit a large range of movement. Examples include the shoulder, knee and hip joints.

What is the synovial fluid?

Synovial fluid is a slippery fluid found in freely moveable joints, which lubricates the joint and supports movement.

What is the function of cartilage?

it provides cushioning and prevents the bones from rubbing off each other.

What are tendons?

Tendons connect muscles to the bones, allowing for movement.

What are antagonistic muscle pairs?

Antagonistic muscle pairs are muscles which work with opposite actions to allow movement of the skeleton. Example: The biceps and triceps of the upper arm

Give two examples of immagine technology used in medicine

• x-ray: uses ionising radiation to create images of bones; they can detect clear breaks or inconsistencies in the bone structure 

• Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): uses powerful magnets and radio waves to create detailed images of both bones and soft tissue; they can detect stress fractures, hairline fractures and injuries sounding tissue and for imagine the spine to check for flat and bulging discs