art history 1

what, when, which period, where now

narmer palette

3100 bc

early dynastic period

now in cairo

under which kings were the pyramids of giza built

khufu, khafre, and menkaure

what, from which period

statue of menkaure with hathor and cynopolis

old kingdom

what, where now, which period

the seated scribe

at the louvre in paris

old kingdom

what, where now, which period

khafre enthroned

in cairo rn

old kingdom

what, from where

the four horses at st mark's cathedral

stolen from constantinople, then moved to venice

which famous museum houses the egyptian museum in berlin

the neues museum

what, which period, where now

mask of tutankhamun

new kingdom

cairo

what, style, where now

relief of the royal family akhenaten

shows emotion, rounder figures → amarna period

neues museum

which civilization invented coins as money

lydians

what, which empire

persian column

in the achaemenid empire

first king of the achaemenid empire

cyrus 1

the capital of the achaemenid empire

persopolis

how did the achaemenid empire perish

alexander the great annexed it

etruscan art?

tomb art and frescos

pottery

influenced by greek art

bucchero ware

distinct type of glossy, black or dark gray etruscan pottery

what was the greek arcahic period influenced by

egypt and mesopotamia

greek nude male statue

kouros

clothed female statue

kore

kleobis and biton

calf bearer

by moschophoros

when did the classical era begin and end

started when the greeks stopped the persian advances into europe

ended with the death of alexander the great

basic characteristics of the art in the greek classical era

ideal figures

copying nature

no emotion

who made “the canon” and what was it

polykleitos, top sculptor of his time

the rules for ideal proportions of the human body

what, style

the charioteer of delphi

classical era

what, by who, style

the spear bearer

by polykleitos

classical

contrapposto // chiasm

a way in which a statue is positioned; x-shape

what, by who

discobolus

by myron

what, by who

apollo belvedere

by leochares

what

riace bronzes

2000 yrs underwater, they were on a sunken ship

what is magna greacia

greek populated a south part of italy, that’s why there is a lots of greek temples there → valley of the temples

what is the common parallel drawn with renaissane, classical, baroque, helinistic periods in art history

as is classical to helinistic

so is renaissance to baroque

the two great sculptors of the late classical era

lysippos and praxiteles

what other art movement follows suit after late classical

mannerism

what is mannerism

takes natural human proportions and manipulates them slightly to achieve a certain effect

what, stye, by who

madonna with the long neck

perfect example of mannersim

• giant baby jesus

• super long neck

• mary is a triangle

by parmigianino

what’s specific about the sculptures of polykleitos

he made their heads purposefully a little smaller, to make them appear taller

what, by who, style

hermes and the infant dionysus

by praxiteles

late classical

smaller head

what, by who, style

aphrodite of knidos

by praxiteles

late classical

what, by who, style

hermes

by lysippos

late classical

hellenistic era: start and end

started with the death of alexander the great

the hellenistic period was in the four kingdoms that alexander the great’s empire was split into

ended with the death of cleopatra

hellenistic era characteristics

emotion, movement

nod to baroque

what, where now, style

the altar of pergamon

in berlin, has its own museum

the statues on the side are very hellenistic

what, style

barberini faun // drunk faun

hellenistic

what, style

laocoon and his sons

hellenistic

what, style

the winged victory of samothrace // nike

hellenistic

what, style

venus of milo

hellenistic

what kind of influence does alexander the great bring to his giant empire

greek, names multiple cities after himself - most famously alexandria in egypt

alexandria is the most important city in the world until rome

what, what does it show

the alexander mosaic

depicts the battle of issus, where alexander the great annexed persia

kingdoms of the diadochi

the four kingoms that the empire of alexander the great was split into after he died

which was the last hellenistic period that survived

egypt - the ptolemanic kingdom

fell with the death of cleopatra

how does the ptolemanic kingdom die

octavion (the 1st roman emperor) fights mark anthony for control over the roman empire. cleopatra (the last ruler of the ptolemanic kingdom) sides with mark anthony. when octavion (later given the title augustus, but we just call me augustus) wins, he takes over egypt too

what is the one slight change from greek sculpture to roman sculpture

they were pretty much identical, save for the fact that roman sculpture was much more realistic and added these incredibly detailed busts

augustus of primaporta

was found in primaporta, that is where the name comes from

where are the only survived roman paintings found in

pompeii, because they were buried in ash for 2000 years

the only specific about roman paintings is

that it had four periods/styles

funeral portraits // fayum mummy portraits

an art style from roman egypt

1st-2nd century

the egyptians still had the practive to mummify people

what, when, where is it now

ara pacis

dedicated to roman peace

it is in the museum of the ara pacis

in rome

built by richard meier in 2006

bleak-looking building, nothing special

13 bc

what, where

equestrian statue of marcus aurelius

in the middle of michelangelo’s city square in rome

what

the reliefs on the columns of trajan and marcus aurelius

~150 ad

what happened in rome around the 3rd century

crisis, no clear ruler

civil wars, barbarians, etc

how does the crisis of the 3rd century in the roman empire reflect in art

people are being portrayed as piled on top of each other, no use of negative space, the art feels tense

what is this, what historic crisis provoked this style

ludovisi sarcophagus

3rd century

the crisis of the 3rd century in the roman empire

what, what contrast of styles does it show

arch of constantine 315 ad

shows the contrast of styles

the packed line with lots of figures

and the chill roundels with the spacious images after the crisis had passed

late antiquity art

the period from the 3rd to 8th century

from the solving of the crisis of the roman empire to the middle ages

what is this, what does it portray

the four tetrarchs

305 ad

diocletian proposed the tetrarchy in 293 ce, splitting rule of the roman empire between two augusti (senior emperors) and two caesars (junior emperors), with a built-in succession plan where a retiring augustus would be replaced by his caesar, who'd then appoint a new caesar, a system meant to end the chaotic power struggles of the crisis of the third century

style of the four tetrarchs

around the fourth century, art became less about realistic portrayals and more about sending a message; thats why the four tetrarchs are exactly the same in height and dress

sarcophagus of helena

what, style

colossus of constantine

typical, abstract constantinian style (hieratic emperor style)

important achievements of constantine

312 - battle of the milvian bridge
313 - edict of milan - legalized christianity
324 - established constantinople
325 - council of nicea

when are the high middle ages

11 - 15 century

the end of the middle ages, after the 1000s

when did romanesque art show up

high middle ages

what is feudalism and why did it emerge

feudalism was a medieval system where lords gave land to nobles in exchange for loyalty and military service

when the western roman empire collapsed in the 5th century, the big cities became unsafe, becase barbarians would loot them for the money. the rich guys moved out in villa plantations and the lord that had lots of land, exchanged safe harbour and protection for service

carolingian empire

the short-lived empire of the franks. even had a brief renaissance-like movement

in the 9th century

specifics of the art from 476 - 1000 ad

very little art due to population decline, counterurbanisation, the collapse of central authority yada yada → dark middle ages

how did art progress once the western roman empire died (the middle ages)

art was stripped of individuality as much as possible. it was more the apprentice copying his master - unchanging

the same way egyptian art didn’t change

what does the word romanesque mean and how is it connected to the romanesque style

romanesque → roman-like

very similar to roman

where does the main facade of a cathedral always face

west

the two main artists of the romanesque period; where did they work; around when did they work

wiligelmo and antelami;

in northern italy - modena and parma respecfully;

around the 1000s

who did the two panel reliefs in the sides of modena cathedral

wiligelmo

modena cathedral is romanesque, except the rose window in the middle

what does it mean when a painting is called deposition

jesus’ body is taken down from the cross after his crucifixion

what does it mean when a painting is called maesta

depicts mary seated on a throne with infant jesus, surrounded by a heavenly court of angels and saints

maesta, as in majesty

what does it mean when a painting is called annunciation

the biblical moment when the archangel gabriel tells the virgin mary she will bear the son of god

what, by who, where

deposition

by atelami

in the duomo of parma

1178

nicola and giovanni pisano: their relationship and style

father and son, firmly in gothic

what’s a pulpit

structure on which the priest climbs onto to give speaches or surmons

why are the pisanos important

they show the shift between gothic and classical; they work in the porto-renaissance period

what, by who, style, when

the pulpit of the pisa baptistery

one of the two nicola pisano pulpits

still more gothic, because of the trifora openings and the gothic-like columns at the top, but is clearly showing signs of classicing

1260

what, where, when, by who

sienna cathedral pulpit

one of the two nicola pisano pulpits

1268

much more classical now

what, by who, where

fontana maggiore

by nicola and giovanni pisano

in perugia

how was art like in the 1300s and how did it start changing

it used to be strictly cannonical italo-byzantine and byzantine with the gold-leaf background and the no real sense of context for the figures yada yada, basically religious icons

then comes porto renaissance and the shift towards nature and realism like the ancient greeks and romans → with artists like cimabue, giotto etc

years of the proto renaissance

1200 - 1400

which are the two schools of the porto-renaissance, why them, and specifics about them

florence - more towards nature, more renaissance-y

sienna - more towards the byzantine styles

those were the richest cities at the time, that’s why they could afford to think about art

which period were crucifixes popular in

if u see a crucific whose is it most likely to be

porto-renaissance

giotto

the first great name to break from the italo-byzantine style, when

cimabue

in the 1280s

characteristics of the porto-renaissance

still have the golden-leaf backgrounds of the byzantine styles

flat people, only 2d

mary looks sad

fat pencil shaped paintings

what, by who, style

santa trinita maesta

by cimabue

porto-renaissance (mary looks sad, fat pencil shape)

what, by who, style

maesta

by duccio

porto renaissance

rucellai madonna

duccio

porto-renaissance

who introduced accurate naturalistic drawing

giotto