Geography Exam 1st Quarter

Solar System

composed of the sun, planets, smaller solar system bodies, and other objects held in orbit around the sun by the sun's gravity

our planet earth is the ______ planet from the sun

3rd

the sun is ______ million miles away

93

the earth ___________ to the east on its axis.

rotates

the earth completes one rotation every _____ hours

24

axis

An imaginary line that the earth spins on

the earth is tilted about _______ degrees

23 1/2

as the earth rotates, it ___________ around the sun

revolves

the earth completes one ________________ around the sun every 365 days or so (1 year)

revolution

revolution

event when the sun reaches its greatest angular distance from the equator twice each year

in the summer, the solstice occurs when the ______________ hemisphere is tilted toward the sun (June 21)

northern

in the winter, the solstice occurs when the ________________ hemisphere is tilted toward the sun (december 21)

southern

solstice

The point at which the sun is as far north or as far south of the equator as possible

march 21

spring equinox

September 21

autumn equinox

_____________ occur because of the tilt of the earth and the way the sun hits the earth at certain times of the year

seasons

3 distinct latitude zones

polar regions, temperature zones, tropic zones

polar regions

receives sunlight all day or most of the day during summer and no sunlight in winter. cold year round

temperature zones

experience very warm temperatures year round

tropic of cancer

located at 23.5 degrees north of equator

tropic of capricorn

located at 23.5 degrees south of equator

weather

The condition of Earth's atmosphere at a particular time and place. (changes constantly)

meteorologists

scientists who study weather

5 basic elements of weather

temperature, atmospheric pressure, wind, precipitation, and humidity

Temperature

is an indication of the amount of thermal energy (heat) in the air

atmospheric pressure

the weight of gases in the atmosphere on a surface area

elevation

is significant to the amount of atmospheric gases on a surface area

the _____________ up you are, the lower to atmospheric pressre

higher

wind

the movement of air caused by the heating and cooling of air masses

when there is _______ atmospheric pressure, air will move in to balance out the pressure. if the difference in pressure is great, the air will move quickly

low

a large area of moving air with a similar temperature is called an ____________ __________

air mass

The _______________ of the earth greatly influences wind direction in something known as the CORIOLIS EFFECT

cotation

earths rotation causes winds and currents to move in ______________________ paths instead of straight lines

Coriolis Effect

3 wind belts that circle the globe

trade winds, westerlies, easterlies

trade winds

flow from the Tropic zone

westerlies

prevailing winds that blow over the Temperate zones

easterlies

blow throughout the Polar zones

hydrologic cycle

the complete cycle of evaporation, condensation, and precipitation

evaporations

liquid water molecules changing to water vapor (gas)

condensation

water vapor condenses back into liquid droplets

precipitation

the process in which the concentrated water droplets become too heavy and fall back down to earth

humidity

is the measure of the amount of moisture in a given volume of air at a given temperature

dew point

the point at which water vapor begins condensation

the water vapor becomes liquid again

water is heated near the ____________ and moves toward the poles.

equator

cold water from the ____________ returns to the equator

poles

_____________ water evaporates slower and causes less precipitation

cold

the coast of chile is a ___________ because of the cold Peru current and lack of rain

__________ water evaporates at a faster rate causing more precipitation

warm

Brazil's coast is a lush tropical ___________________ because of the warm Brazil current and abundance of rain

rainforest

3 things that cause precipitation

mountains- orographic precipitation, a front, convection precipitation

mountains (orographic precipitation)

when warm air moves up a mountain fast, it cools and condenses

front

when warm air masses and cold air masses meet, if the warm air masses have a lot of water vapor in it when it meets the cold air, it condenses and causes rain

rain shadow

the land beyond the mountains, usually very dry, little precipitation

convection precipitation

when hot air rises rapidly and hits the cold air above it, can cause heavy downpours that could have lighting and hail with it

culture

the system of customs and habits that a group of people use to make something of their world

how to love, how to lead, how to serve, how to obey

4 things family teaches us

culture hearth

what are the locations where different cultures appeared around the world?

it gives people a sense of purpose

how does religion play a key part in culture?

nation

a large group of people with a common history and language who have developed a strong sense of identity

cultural diffusion

the spread of cultural traits from one society to another

music, dances, foods, festivals, clothes, architecture

common forms of cultural aesthetics

3rd culture kid

a person who was born in one culture but raised in one or more other cultures because of moving

high-context culture

values relationships over tasks, no sense of personal space, avoids confrontation, not direct

low-context culture

people are expected to be direct, very structured, inappropriate to be late or go over, completing tasks is more important the the relationships, individuals are more important than the group, personal space is valued, confrontations are normal

basic duties of government

to ensure justice, provide defense and safety, promote morality, address poverty, to provide order

autocracy

these governments have all the power lying in one centralized form of government

Dictatorship

one, or a few, people ruling with the authority and support of the military

totalitarian

ruled by usually one person, most oppressive form of government with little to no freedom

monarchies

systems of government in which kings or queens rule, recieve their authority at birth

theocracy

A government that claims their authority comes from God, Allah, or some other deity

oligarchy

rule of the few

Democracy

Rule by the people

how governments or other groups try to move the culture towards a policy they desire

what does the Overturn Window attempt to explain?

foreign policy

the set of principles that guides a governments international relations

diplomacy

The art of negotiations agreements between countries

Socialism

Which form of economics is monitored and controlled by the government?

Capitalism

Which form of economic system is also called a free-market economy?

Capitalism

What form of economic system can create greed and cause people to become profit-oriented?

Socialism

What economic system has communism as its most extreme form?

Socialism

What economic system offers more programs designed to help people financially?

capitalism

Which economic system allows for private individuals own most of the means of production and has less government interference?

Wealth

is measured in someones ability to produce new things

per capita GDP

GDP divided by the total population

GDP

Gross Domestic Product- the total market value of all final goods and services produced annually in an economy

Poverty Trap

when poor countries have weak or corrupt institutions that cause the poor to stay poor

Tariffs

Taxes on imported goods

Imports

goods brought into a country

Exports

Goods and Services sold to other countries

Embargo

A ban on trade

technology, medicine, vaccines

3 things that contribute to increased life expectancy

fertility rate

the average number of children per couple

2.1

What is the average of children each couple needs to have for the population to replace itself?

the current population of a given country, broken down by age group

What does a population pyramid show?

Urban-city; Rural-country

2 broad categories used to represent population density

Urban Sprawl

the uncontrolled expansion of urban areas

Population Density

the average number of people who live on each square mile of land

creation mandate

Gods command to fulfill and subdue the earth

geography

can be defined as the detailed study of the earth and the ways people relate to the earth and one another

prime meridian

passes through Greenwich, England and is designated as 0 longitude. It is the reference point for various time zones of the world also know as the International Dateline