Medical terminology: muscular system

Muscles

My/o myos/o

Ten/o, tend/o, tendin/o

Tendons, stretch out, extend, strain

Fibr/o

Fibrous tissue, fiber

-ia

Abnormal condition disease plural of -ium

Kines/o

Kinesi/o

Movement

-plegia

Paralysis, stroke

Tax/o

Coordination order

Ton/o

Tone, stretching, tension

Tri-

Three

Muscle innervation

Stimulation of a muscle by an impulse transmitted by a motor nerve

Neuromuscular

Pertaining to the relationship between a nerve and muscle

Bi-

Twice, double, two

Dys-

Bad, difficult, or painful

Fasci/o

Fascia, fibrous band

Abduction

Movement of a limb away from the midline of the body

Adduction

Movement of a limb toward the midline of the body

Flexion

Decreasing the angle between two bones by bending a limb at a joint

Extension

Increasing the angle between two bones or the straightening out of a limb

Hyperextension

The extreme or overextension of a limb or body part beyond its normal limit

Supination

The act of rotating the arm or leg so that the palm of the hand or sole of the foot is turned forward or upward (palms up)

Pronation

The act of rotating the arm or leg so that the palm of the hand or sole of the foot is turned downward or backward (palms down)

Dorsiflexion

The movement that bends the foot upward at the ankle

Plantar Flexion

The movement that bends the foot downward at the ankle

Ataxia

The lack of muscle coordination during voluntary movement. Movements are often shaky and unsteady

Contracture

The permanent tightening of fascia, muscles, tendons, ligaments, or skin that occurs when normally elastic connective tissues are replaced with no elastic fibrous tissues

Bradykinesia

Extreme slowness in movement. An example would be Parkinson's disease (small movement)

Dyskinesia

The distortion or impairment of voluntary movement such as a tic or spasm

(Involuntary movement)

Hyperkinesia

Is abnormal increased muscle function or activity

Fasciitis

Inflammation of the fascia (plantar fasciitis)

Tenosynovitis

Inflammation of the sheath surrounding a tendon

Tendinitis

Inflammation of the tendons cause by excessive or unusual use of the joint (tennis elbow)

Myalgia

Is tenderness or pain in the muscles

Myocele

Is the herniation (protrusion) of muscles through a tear in the fascia that surrounds it

Muscular dystrophy (MD)

A general term describes a group of more than 30 diseases that are characterized by progressive weakness and degeneration of the skeletal muscles that control movement with affecting the nervous system

Polymyositis

Is a muscle disease characterized by simultaneous inflammation and weakening of voluntary muscles in parts of the body. Muscles typically affected are those of the trunk or torso

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD)

The most common form of muscular dystrophy in children. Affects primarily boys, with the onset between the ages 3 and 5

Becker muscular dystrophy

Very similar to duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) but less severe

Paralysis

Is the loss of sensation and voluntary muscle movements in a muscle through disease or injury to its nerve supply. Can be temporary or permanent

Hemiparesis

Slight paralysis or weakness affecting one side of the body. Associated with stroke or brain damage

Hemiplegia

Total paralysis affecting only one side of the body. Damage to one side of the brain affects the opposite side of the body

Paraplegia

Is the paralysis of both legs and the lower part of the body. Associated mostly with brain injuries and spinal cord injuries

Quadriplegia

Is the paralysis of all four extremities (upper and lower extremities) associated mostly with brain injuries and spinal cord injuries

Spinal cord injury (SCI)

Is determined by the level of the vertabra closest to the injury. The higher on the spinal cord the injury occurs the greater the area of the body that maybe affected

Incomplete spinal cord injury

That there is still function below the level of injury

Complete spinal cord injury

That there is a complete loss of sensation and muscle control below the level of the injury. Complete injury does not mean that there is no hope of any improvement

Strain

Is an injury to the muscle or tendon that has been stretched or torn. Usually associated with overuse injuries

Sprain

Is an injury to a joint which usually occurs when a ligament is torn

Tenodesis

Is the surgical suturing of the end of a tendon to a bone

Primary function: muscles

-make body movement

-hold body erect

-move body fluids

-produce body heat

Primary function: fascia

Cover, support, and separate msucles

Primary: function: tendons

Attach muscles to bone

Skeletal muscles

-attached to bones of the skeleton

-make body motions possible

-voluntary muses

-striated muscles

Smooth muscles

-located in walls of internal organs, blood vessels, and ducts leading from glands

-move and control the flow of fluids through these structures

-involuntary unstriated and visceral muscles

Myocardial muscle

-form the muscular walls of the heart

-myocardium or cardiac muscle

Antagonistic muscle pairs

-contraction

-relaxation

the circular movement at the far end of the limb

Which of the following options describes circumduction?

myoparesis

The physician diagnoses Juan Garcia’s slight muscular paralysis of both legs following a stroke as

skeletal muscles

The muscles that are attached to the bones of the skeleton and make body movements possible are termed

flexion

What is the medical term for decreasing the angle between two bones by bending a limb at a joint?

heel spur

Ginger Williams has foot pain caused by calcium deposit in the plantar fascia. This calcium deposit is known as a

quadriplegia

What is the medical term for paralysis of all four extremities?

Physical Therapist

Which of the following health care providers specializes in the prevention and treatment of injuries of the bones, joints, and muscles?

a disorder of unknown cause that affects many body systems and is characterized by profound fatigue

What is chronic fatigue syndrome?

myofascial

A chronic pain disorder that affects muscles and fascia throughout the body is called

myorrhaphy

surgical suturing of a muscle

hiccups

What is singultus commonly known as?

adhesion

What is the medical term for a band of fibers that hold structures together abnormally?

tenolysis

The medical term for the release of a tendon from adhesions is

polymyositis

What is the medical term for a disease characterized by the simultaneous inflammation of voluntary muscles in many parts of the body?

atrophy

The weakness or wearing away of body tissues and structures is known as

epicondylitis

Inflammation of the tissues surrounding the elbow

electromyography

A diagnostic test involving recording the electrical activity within muscle fibers in response to nerve stimulation is known as

hyperkinesia

Abnormally increased muscle function or activity

muscular dystrophy

Which of the following is a group of genetic diseases characterized by progressive weakness and degeneration of the skeletal muscles?