Week 2 - 3 Review: Active/Passive Transport, Organic/Inorganic, Chemical Reactions, Integumentary System, and Skeletal System

Flashcards covering key vocabulary from the lectures on active/passive transport, inorganic/organic compounds, chemical reactions, the integumentary system, and the skeletal system.

Simple diffusion

Transport of small, nonpolar molecules across a membrane without using energy.

Facilitated diffusion

Transport of polar molecules or larger ions across a membrane using a transporter (e.g., GLUT4), but without using energy.

Primary active transport

Molecules moving against their concentration gradient, coupled to the hydrolysis of ATP.

Secondary active transport

Molecules moving with one molecule going with its gradient and another molecule going against its gradient.

Organic compounds

Chemical compounds that contain carbon, usually bonded to hydrogen.

Inorganic compounds

Chemical compounds that usually do not contain carbon; exceptions include carbon dioxide and some carbonates, cyanides, and carbides.

Synthesis reaction

A chemical reaction where two or more reactants combine to form a single, more complex product (A + B B).

Decomposition reaction

A chemical reaction where a single complex reactant breaks down into two or more simpler products (AB A + B).

Single replacement reaction

A chemical reaction where one element replaces another element in a compound (A + BC B + AC).

Double replacement reaction

A chemical reaction where the cations and anions of two different compounds switch places to form two new compounds (AB + CD AC + BD).

Glycogenesis

The formation of glycogen.

Lipogenesis

The formation of lipids.

Gluconeogenesis

The formation of glucose.

Genesis

A suffix meaning 'formation'.

Glycogenolysis

The breakdown of glycogen.

Lipolysis

The breakdown of lipids.

Lysis

A suffix meaning 'breakdown'.

Plasma membrane

The outer boundary of a cell that separates its internal environment from the outside environment, acting as a selectively permeable barrier.

Selectively permeable barrier

A membrane that allows certain substances to pass through while restricting others.

Integumentary system

An organ system comprising the skin and its accessory structures, including hair, nails, glands, blood vessels, muscles, and nerves.

Dermatology

The medical specialty for the diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the integumentary system.

Cutaneous membrane

Another term for the skin, which covers the outer surface of the body and is the largest organ by surface area and weight.

Epidermis

The outer, thinner layer of the skin composed of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium.

Dermis

The inner, thicker layer of the skin composed of connective tissue, providing strength, elasticity, and housing blood supply and nerves.

Hypodermis (Subcutaneous layer)

Located underneath the dermis, it is a loose areolar/adipose connective tissue layer that cushions, insulates, stores energy, and anchors the skin to underlying tissues.

Stratum corneum

The outermost layer of the epidermis, consisting of dead, keratinized cells.

Stratum lucidum

A layer of the epidermis found only in thick skin like the palms and soles.

Stratum granulosum

A layer of the epidermis where keratinocytes begin to lose their nuclei and cytoplasm and become filled with keratin.

Stratum spinosum

A layer of the epidermis consisting of keratinocytes and Langerhans cells, providing strength and flexibility.

Stratum basale (Germinativum)

The deepest layer of the epidermis, where continuous cell division produces all other layers; contains keratinocytes and melanocytes.

Papillary layer

The superficial region of the dermis, forming fingerprints and containing capillaries, corpuscles of touch, and free nerve endings.

Reticular layer

The deeper region of the dermis, consisting of dense irregular connective tissue and containing collagen and elastic fibers, adipose cells, hair follicles, nerves, sebaceous glands, and sudoriferous glands.

Keratinocytes

Cells that make up 90% of the epidermis; they produce keratin, a tough fibrous protein that provides protection.

Melanocytes

Cells located in the stratum basale that produce melanin, a pigment that protects against UV radiation and contributes to skin color.

Langerhans cells

Macrophages in the epidermis that originate in red bone marrow and are involved in immune responses.

Merkel cells

Cells in the epidermis that function in the sensation of touch along with adjacent tactile discs.

Melanin

A pigment produced by melanocytes, secreted in granules, and taken up by keratinocytes to protect nuclei from UV damage.

Carotene

A yellow-orange pigment found in the stratum corneum, dermis, and subcutaneous layer, contributing to skin color.

Hemoglobin

The protein in red blood cells that produces 'red' tones in the skin, especially in dermal capillaries.

Corpuscles of touch (Meissner corpuscles)

Sensory receptors located in the papillary region of the dermis and superficially in the epidermis that detect light touch.

Free nerve endings

Sensory receptors in the dermis and epidermis that detect many stimuli including pain, temperature, itch, and tickle.

Lines of cleavage

Also known as 'tension lines,' these indicate the predominant direction of underlying collagen fibers in the skin, important for minimizing scarring in incisions.

Epidermal ridges

Reflect contours of underlying dermal papillae, forming fingerprints and footprints, and increasing friction for a firmer grip.

Lamellated (Pacinian) corpuscles

Sensory receptors found in the subcutaneous layer and deep in the skin that detect deep external pressure and vibration.

Hair (pili)

Structures composed of dead, keratinized epidermal cells, found on most body surfaces, providing touch sensations and protection against sun and heat loss.

Sebaceous (oil) glands

Skin glands connected to hair follicles that secrete sebum, preventing dehydration of hair and skin and inhibiting bacterial growth.

Sebum

An oily substance secreted by sebaceous glands that lubricates skin and hair and has antibacterial properties.

Eccrine sweat glands

Sudoriferous glands located all over the body that secrete a watery solution to cool the body, eliminate waste, and respond to stress.

Apocrine sweat glands

Sudoriferous glands located mainly in the axilla, groin, areolae, and bearded facial regions, secreting a slightly viscous sweat associated with body odor and sexual excitement.

Nails

Structures composed of hard, keratinized epidermal cells located over the dorsal surfaces of the ends of fingers and toes.

Mineral Homeostasis

One of the functions of the skeletal system, involving the storage and release of minerals like calcium and phosphorus to maintain proper levels in the body.

Blood Cell Production (Hemopoiesis)

The process where red bone marrow produces red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.

Triglyceride Storage

A function of the skeletal system where yellow bone marrow stores triglycerides in adipose cells, serving as a potential chemical energy reserve.

Compact bone

Dense bone tissue that provides protection and support, forming the diaphysis of long bones and the external layer of all bones.

Spongy bone

Lightweight bone tissue that provides tissue support, forming much of the epiphysis and the internal cavity of long bones, containing trabeculae.

Osteons (Haversian systems)

Repeating structural units that make up compact bone, arranged to resist stress and actively remodel.

Trabeculae

Thin columns or plates of lamellae in spongy bone that support and protect the red bone marrow and align along lines of stress.

Articular cartilage

A thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering the epiphysis of long bones at joint surfaces, where one bone moves against another.

Periosteum

A tough sheath of dense, irregular connective tissue on the outside of the bone, containing osteoblasts, assisting with fracture repair, and serving as an attachment point for tendons and ligaments.

Osteogenic cells

Bone cells that undergo cell division and develop into osteoblasts.

Osteoblasts

Bone-building cells that synthesize the extracellular matrix of bone tissue during initial bone formation and remodeling.

Osteocytes

Mature bone cells derived from osteoblasts that maintain the bone matrix and exchange nutrients and wastes with the blood.

Osteoclasts

Large cells that release enzymes to digest the mineral components of bone matrix (resorption) and regulate blood calcium levels.

Calcification (mineralization)

The process initiated by osteoblasts where mineral salts, mainly calcium phosphate, are deposited and crystallize in the framework formed by collagen fibers of the extracellular matrix.

Diaphysis

The shaft or main long portion of a long bone.

Epiphysis

The proximal and distal ends of a long bone.

Metaphysis

The region in a long bone between the diaphysis and epiphysis, which includes the epiphyseal growth plate.

Epiphyseal growth plate

A layer of hyaline cartilage in the metaphysis of a growing bone that allows it to grow in length (also called growth plate).

Medullary cavity

The space within the diaphysis of long bones that contains fatty yellow bone marrow in adults.

Endosteum

A membrane that lines the medullary cavity and contains osteoclasts, osteoblasts, and connective tissue.

Ossification (osteogenesis)

The process of forming new bone, occurring in embryonic development, bone growth, remodeling, and fracture repair.

Intra-membranous ossification

A method of bone formation that produces spongy bone directly from mesenchymal connective tissue, which may later be remodeled into compact bone.

Endochondral ossification

The primary method of bone formation for most bones, especially long bones, where cartilage is replaced by bone tissue, involving primary and secondary ossification centers.

Epiphyseal line

A bony structure formed at adulthood when the epiphyseal plates close and bone replaces all the cartilage.

Appositional growth

The process of bone growth in width, where osteoblasts in the periosteum lay down new bone tissue on the outer surface, and osteoclasts in the endosteum resorb bone from the medullary cavity.

Acromegaly

A condition resulting from excessive new bone tissue formation, leading to abnormally thick and heavy bones.

Osteoporosis

A condition where bone resorption by osteoclasts outpaces bone deposition by osteoblasts, leading to weakened, porous bones, often due to calcium depletion or inadequate intake.

Rickets

A bone disease in children where bones become too 'soft' due to inadequate mineralization, often caused by vitamin D deficiency.

Osteomalacia

A bone disease in adults similar to rickets, where bones become too 'soft' due to inadequate mineralization.

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

A hormone critical for calcium homeostasis; it stimulates osteoclastic activity and raises serum calcium levels.

Calcitonin

A hormone critical for calcium homeostasis; it stimulates osteoblastic activity, promotes bone building, and thus lowers serum calcium levels.

Vitamin D

Essential for healthy bones as it promotes the absorption of calcium and phosphate ions from foods in the gastrointestinal tract into the blood.

Calcium Homeostasis

The process of maintaining stable levels of calcium in the blood by controlling the rates of calcium resorption from bone into blood and deposition from blood into bone.