Beachy review

What king of France converted to Catholicism after saying, "Paris is worth a Mass"?

Henry IV (Henry of Navarre).

Who became known as the Soldier King?

Frederick William I of Prussia.

What is the form of government where one person, usually a monarch, holds supreme power?

Absolutism.

What was Parliament called after Charles I refused to summon it for eleven years?

The Long Parliament (1640–1660).

Who further centralized power in Russia and strengthened serfdom?

Ivan IV (Ivan the Terrible).

What are five characteristics of Spanish colonization?

1. Centralized royal control; 2. Predominantly male Spanish settlers; 3. Intermarriage with Native American and African women; 4. Exploitation of Indigenous and enslaved African labor; 5. A racially stratified colonial society.

What is the theory that monarchs receive their authority directly from God?

Divine Right of Kings.

Who was the Lutheran king of Sweden who intervened in the Thirty Years' War?

Gustavus Adolphus.

What were grants allowing Spanish colonists to demand labor or tribute from Indigenous people called?

Encomiendas.

What proclamation granted limited religious toleration to French Huguenots while maintaining Catholicism as France's dominant religion?

Edict of Nantes (1598).

What were royal supporters called during the English Civil War?

Cavaliers.

What was Louis XIV's effort to standardize French law called?

Code Louis (1667).

Who was the Roman Catholic priest who opposed the exploitation of Indigenous Americans?

Bartolomé de las Casas.

What was the Spanish colonial ethnic hierarchy?

1. Peninsulares: Spanish-born elites holding high government and church offices; 2. Creoles: American-born people of Spanish descent, often wealthy landowners; 3. Mestizos and other mixed-ancestry groups: varied social positions, often workers and farmers; 4. Indigenous Americans and Africans: frequently subjected to forced or enslaved labor.

What is supreme and independent political authority called?

Sovereignty.

When was the Thirty Years' War?

1618–1648.

Who was Louis XIV's influential finance minister?

Jean-Baptiste Colbert.

What was the exchange of plants, animals, diseases, technology, and ideas between the Old and New Worlds?

The Columbian Exchange.

What conflict pitted the English monarchy against Parliament?

The English Civil War (1642–1651).

Who was the energetic Russian tsar who modernized Russia and expanded its influence?

Peter the Great.

What was one of Peter the Great's major foreign policy goals?

To gain access to a warm-water port and expand Russian maritime power.

Why did many of Peter the Great's reforms fail to produce lasting social change?

His reforms were imposed from above, relied on coercion, and did not fundamentally end serfdom or autocratic government.

What were the five major European powers in the 19th-century balance of power?

Austria, Britain, France, Prussia, and Russia.

What is the adoption of Western European clothing, customs, and traditions called?

Westernization.

Who brought much of northern Russia under Moscow's control and helped establish the foundations of the Russian state?

Ivan III (Ivan the Great).

What were French Calvinists called?

Huguenots.

What five groups traditionally challenged or limited the sovereignty of monarchs?

Nobles, the Church, towns, universities, and representative assemblies.

Who was the chief minister of Louis XIII?

Cardinal Richelieu.

What were Parliament's supporters called during the English Civil War?

Roundheads.

What was Louis XIV's immense palace, and what was its political purpose?

Versailles; it demonstrated royal power and helped Louis XIV control the nobility by drawing them into court life.

What did England's Commonwealth become in 1653?

The Protectorate, ruled by Oliver Cromwell as Lord Protector.

What was the traditional title of Russian rulers?

Tsar (also spelled czar).

What 1628 document challenged Charles I's ability to tax without Parliament's consent?

Petition of Right.

What 1572 event involved the massacre of thousands of French Huguenots during royal wedding celebrations?

St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre.

What was the series of revolts against royal authority during Louis XIV's early reign called?

The Fronde (1648–1653).

What economic theory emphasized a favorable balance of trade and the accumulation of precious metals?

Mercantilism.

What were the four major phases of the Thirty Years' War?

Bohemian, Danish, Swedish, and French.

What event helped trigger the Thirty Years' War when royal officials were thrown from a window?

The Defenestration of Prague (1618).

Who succeeded Elizabeth I, and what were his two major problems?

James I; 1. Financial conflicts with Parliament over taxation and royal debt; 2. Religious disputes involving Puritans, Presbyterians, and Catholics.

Who was king during the English Civil War?

Charles I.

Who led Parliament's military forces and later became Lord Protector of England?

Oliver Cromwell.

What system of government replaced the monarchy and House of Lords after the English Civil War?

The Commonwealth of England, established in 1649.

What was the Restoration in England?

The return of the monarchy in 1660 under Charles II after the collapse of the Commonwealth and Protectorate.

Who were the boyars?

Russian hereditary nobles and powerful landowners.