Jenna: ANAT-225 Lab Block 5

Oral Cavity

mouth; first part of the gastrointestinal tract

Oropharynx

central portion of the pharynx between the roof of the mouth and the upper edge of the epiglottis

Vestibule

space between teeth and lips or cheek

Hard Palate

anterior portion of the roof of the mouth and is formed by the maxillary and palatine bones

Soft Palate

extends posteriorly from the hard palate and is formed primarily from skeletal muscle. The soft palate separates the oral cavity from the nasopharynx

Palatine tonsils

paired lateral masses of lymphatic nodules at the border between the oral cavity and the oropharynx

Tongue

lies on the floor of the mouth; manipulates food for chewing and swallowing; a taste organ

Vallate papillae

largest taste buds with 8-12 forming "V" at back of tongue

Crown of tooth

extending into the oral cavity; covered by enamel

Neck of tooth

narrow, slightly constricted region below the crown, in contact with gums that cover alveolar processes of the mandible and maxillae

Gums

tissue covering the processes of the jaws

Root of tooth

portion below the gum line; anchor to the tooth into its alveolus

Dentin

Dense tissue forming the bulk of a tooth; hard, yellowish, calcified substance

Enamel

the hardest substance in the body and is composed largely of inorganic salts; covers the dentin of the crown

Cementum

bonelike substance which surrounds the dentin of the root and helps anchor the tooth

Pulp

soft tissue within a tooth, containing nerves and blood vessels

Pulp Cavity

contains blood vessels and nerves

Root Canal

where the pulp cavity extends into the root

Periodontal ligaments

composed of dense regular connective tissue and run between the bone of the alveolus and the cementum to anchor the tooth

Parotid glands

large glands at the angle of the jaw which produce saliva

Parotid duct

passes over the masseter muscle, pierces the buccinator muscle, and enters into the vestibule of the oral cavity opposite the second upper molar tooth

Submandibular glands

located along the medial aspects of the mandible, each with a superficial portion which is continuous posteriorly around the mylohyoid muscle with a larger deep portion. the duct of each is formed in the deep posterior portion and run anteriorly to enter the oral cavity at the base of the tongue

Sublingual glands

located on the anterior floor of the mouth deep to the oral cavity mucosa. They are the smallest of the salivary glands. Each gland has several small ducts which open separately along the floor of the mouth

Esophagus

A muscular tube that connects the mouth to the stomach.

Laryngopharynx

lower part of the pharynx, just below the oropharyngeal opening into the larynx and esophagus

Stomach

large muscular sac that continues the mechanical and chemical digestion of food

Greater curvature

convex lateral surface of the stomach

Lesser curvature

concave medial surface of the stomach

Pyloric sphincter

Controls passage of food from stomach to small intestine

Regions of the stomach

cardia, fundus, body, pylorus

Cardiac region

region of the stomach attached to the esophagus surrounding the cardiac orifice

Body region

main part of stomach

Fundus region

a rounded portion at the top of the stomach

Pylorus region

funnel shaped terminal end of the stomach; tapers toward the pyloric sphincter at the distal end of the stomach

Gastric folds

-rugae, found on internal stomach lining when stomach empty

-allow stomach to expand greatly when fills

Small Intestine

Digestive organ where most chemical digestion and absorption of food takes place

Duodenum

(A) first portion of the small intestine

Ileum

(C) the last and longest portion of the small intestine

Jejunum

(B) Middle portion of the small intestine

Mesentery

a fused double layer of the parietal peritoneum that attaches parts of the intestine to the interior abdominal wall

Circular folds

folds in the duodenum that are permanent and are not obliterated when the intestine is full

Duodenal papilla

opening of the ampulla into the duodenum

Ileocecal valve

Valve at the junction of the small and large intestines

Large Intestine

The last section of the digestive system, where water is absorbed from food and the remaining material is eliminated from the body

Teniae Coli

three bands of longitudinal smooth muscle in muscularis

Haustrum

small pouches caused by sacculation, which give the colon its segmented appearance

Omental appendices

Lobules of fat hanging off external surface of haustra

Cecum

a pouch connected to the junction of the small and large intestines.

Vermiform appendix

worm-like projection of lymphatic tissue hanging off the cecum with no digestive function; may help to resist infection

Ascending colon

travels upward from the cecum to the undersurface of the liver

Transverse colon

passes horizontally from right to left toward the spleen

Greater omentum

a large apron-like fold of visceral peritoneum that hangs down from the stomach

Descending colon

portion of the colon that extends downward from the transverse colon

Sigmoid colon

an S-shaped structure that continues from the descending colon above and joins with the rectum below

Rectum

A short tube at the end of the large intestine where waste material is compressed into a solid form before being eliminated

Anal canal

region, containing two sphincters, through which feces are expelled from the body

Anal sphincter

The valve that controls the release of feces from the recturm. It has an internal part made of smooth muscle (thus involuntary) and an external part made of skeletal muscle (thus voluntary).

Liver

largest internal gland and is situated under the diaphragm in the upper right part of the abdominal cavity

Gallbladder

A muscular sac attached to the liver that secretes bile and stores it until needed for digestion; located on the inferior surface of the liver at the medial border of the right lobe. Attached to liver by CT

Common Hepatic Duct

large bile duct leading from liver; joins with the cystic duct to form the common bile duct

Cystic duct

(D) Duct leading from the gallbladder to the common bile duct; carries bile

Common bile duct

carries bile from the liver and gallbladder to the duodenum; runs from the junction of the common hepatic duct and cystic duct

pancreas

located behind the stomach and runs from the inner curve of the duodenum to the vicinity of the spleen

pancreatic duct

running the length of the pancreas to join the common bile duct at the duodenum

Celiac trunk

Large unpaired branch of the abdominal aorta that supplies the liver, stomach, and spleen.

Left Gastric Artery

artery that leads from the celiac trunk to the stomach (on the left)

Common Hepatic Artery

arises from the celiac trunk to supply the liver

Splenic Artery

supplies the spleen

Superior Mesenteric Artery

large abdominal artery; feed large and small intestine

Inferior Mesenteric Artery

Supplies arterial blood to the large intestine.

Hepatic Portal Vein

the vein that collects blood from the GI tract and conducts it to the liver

Splenic vein

drains the spleen, pancreas, and stomach

Superior Mesenteric Vein

drains small intestines and ascending colon

Inferior Mesenteric Vein

drains distal portion of large intestine

Circumvallate papillae

large papillae with taste buds- on back of tongue

Taste Buds

sensory organs in the mouth that contain the receptors for taste

Simple Columnar Epithelium

epithelium that lines the GI tract

Nonkeratinized Stratified Columnar Epithelium

epithelium that lines the esophagus

Muscularis of Esophagus

(C) superior third of the esophagus is skeletal muscle, the intermediate third is skeletal and smooth muscle, the inferior third is smooth muscle.

Mucosa of stomach

Simple columnar epithelium

Gastric pits

Gastric glands that release secretions into the stomach

Muscularis mucosae of stomach

smooth muscle that produces local movements of mucosa in the stomach

Submucosa of stomach

thicker areas of this layer are the bases of rugae

Muscularis of stomach

very thick in the stomach. 3 layers

Mucosa of Small Intestine

(Black) simple columnar epithelium

Villi

Fingerlike extensions of the intestinal mucosa that increase the surface area for absorption

Lacteal

a lymph tubule located in the villus that absorbs fatty acids

Brush Border

Surface of a cell covered with microvilli. increases surface area of a cell for absorption; in small intestine

Intestinal glands

produce an enzyme-poor "juice" containing mucus; found in the submucosa of the small intestine

Muscularis mucosae of small intestine

smooth muscle layer forming the deep border of the mucosa in small intestine

Muscularis of small intestine

2 layers of smooth muscle; outer longitudinal layer and inner circular layer

Liver histology

Hepatocytes

liver cells; produce bile, absorb and secrete nutrients like glucose, and secrete plasma proteins; cuboidal shape

Central vein

vein that receives blood from hepatic sinusoids

Hepatic triad

branches of hepatic artery, hepatic portal vein, and bile duct

Branch of hepatic portal vein

- blood from the digestive tract

- brings nutrients into the sinusoids

Branch of hepatic artery

fresh oxygenated blood into liver

Bile duct branch

collects bile made by hepatocytes; lined by simple cuboidal epithelium

Pancreas histology

Acinar cells

enzyme-secreting cells of the pancreas; apical nuclei