year 9 exam 77 cards

Solute

the substance or ingredient put into/ dissolved into the solvent.

Solution

the outcome mixture of the solvent and solute.

Solvent

the substance that dissolves the solute before it becomes a solution.

Soluble

when the substance/ solute CAN dissolve into the solvent.

Insoluble

when the substance/ solute CANNOT dissolve into the solvent.

concentration

the amount of solute in the quantity of solvent/ solution - how densely packed it is.

variables

thing that can change or be measured during an experiment.

independent variables

something WE change during the experiment to change the outcome.

dependent variables

something we measure or observe during an experiment - data we collect.

control variables

things we MUST keep the same in each experiment otherwise they might affect the results.

accuracy

how close OUR measurements are to the actual measurements.

precision

how close your measurements are to EACH OTHER when taking the SAME measurement.

reliability

how much you can TRUST your measurements and whether they show exactly what happened.

element

when all of the matter is made of the same atoms - elements on the periodic table e.g. hydrogen is completely hydrogen.

compound

when 2 or more elements are bonded together.

mixture

a material containing two or more elements or compounds that are in close contact or mixed.

dissolve

when particles hide in a solution/ liquid. eg. salt (sodium chloride) dissolving in water.

distillation

separating two things from a liquid mixture by using their different boiling points to pull them apart. Think of Dr Spier and class experiment.

condensation

when the particles turn from a gas to a liquid. often happens when water vapour bounces of the lid of a pan and creates dew because it cant escape.

evaporation

when particles go from a liquid to a gas - gaining energy.

concentration

how much of something there is in a mixture - how densely packed it is.

saturation

when there is not any more possible space for the solute to fit into.

filtration

separation technique - only allowing some particles to pass through to another container. think of filter paper or sieves.

magnetic separation

using a magnet to attract certain materials - separating. this only works when one material is attracted to magnets.

Dilution

the process of decreasing the concentration of a solute in a solution, usually by mixing with more solvent. (like water and blue food colouring experiment.

map convention - K

Key (use a key with symbols to convey important information).

map convention - F

Frame (use a ruler to draw a plain line border around the whole map).

map convention - C

Colour (use colour to differentiate between land/sea or different areas).

map convention - S

Scale (put a scale in bottom right corner to say how small this map is compared to life size scale. Can be measurement or cm=km).

map convention - A

Arrow (North)(draw a small north arrow in the top left corner).

map convention - L

Labels (labels for the locations shown on your map).

map convention - T

Title (map showing … location, year, etc).

Timeline convention - S

Scale.

Timeline convention - I

Intervals.

Timeline convention - L

Labels.

Timeline convention - T

Title.

Timeline convention - Y

Years.

Timeline rules

Use a ruler. Even intervals between years (e.g. 1 year 1 cm the whole way along). Label the axis line (years). A sensible title (timeline of…. from year-year). Draw a bracket for multiple years. Draw a line out if there are to many dates. Dates on left hand side, information on the right hand side.

What is a prefix?

A prefix is a letter or group of letters added to the beginning of a word to change its meaning or form a new word. Examples include: unhappy, disagree, and impossible.

What is a suffix?

A suffix is a letter or group of letters added to the end of a root word to change its meaning or tense (past, present or future). Some examples include: beautiful, hopeless, and quickly.

What metric units are 1,000 times larger than the measure units? list all of them.

kilometre, kilogram,kilolitre.

What metric units are 1,000,000 times larger than the measure units? list all of them.

Tonne and Megalitre.

What metric units are 1,000 times smaller than the measure units? list all of them.

Millimetre, milligram, and millilitre.

What metric units are 100 times smaller than the measure units? list all of them.

centimetre.

What is the order of the units on the metric conversions table? list from smallest to largest.

Milli-,centi-, measure, kilo-, mega-.

Explain the terms used when a gas goes to a liquid and then to a solid.

gas- liquid =condensation or condensing. Liquid -solid = solidifying or freezing. Gas - solid = deposition.

Explain the terms used when a solid goes to a liquid and a liquid goes to a gas.

Solid - liquid = melting. Liquid -gas = evaporation. Solid- Gas = sublimation.

List the 3 behaviours of matter and a short description.

Radiation: heat transfer between object that are not in contact with each other - heat travels through waves.

Convection: heat transfer due to a change of density of particles as particles rise and fall due to the change of heat.

Conduction; heat transfer when particles vibrate more and transfer heat to one another - chain reaction.

What is MRSCGREN ?

Movement

Reproduction

Sensitivity

Cells

Growth

Resperation (breathe)

Excretion (get rid of waste)

Nutrition

Parts of a flower.

Pollen (dust like grains that contain male cells).

Anther (where pollen is made and stored in pollen sacs).

Filament (the slender stalk that supports the anther).

Sepal (acts as a case to protect the flower bud before it opens).

Stigma (female part that recieves the pollen from another flower).

Style (the stalk that connects the stigma to the ovary).

Ovary (contains the ovules in the female part of the plant).

Ovule/seed (contains female cells and develops into a seed after fertilisation).

What is transpiration?

Transpiration is the loss of water via vapour from plants primarily through the leaves - mainly through the stomata. The plants absorb water from the soil through their root hairs. Water travels up the xylem from the roots into the leaves of the plant to replace the water that has been lost due to transpiration. If the guard cells have enough turgor pressure then they open and allow water to be transpired.

What is pollenation?

Pollenation is the process of moving pollen from the male part of one plant to the female part of another plant.

What is fertilisation?

Fertilisation is when the pollen and the egg fuse together to make a seed.

What types of seed dispersal are there?

Wind - light seed can be carried by the wind or helicopter style seeds fly away.

Animals - eaten and then deposited, or hitch a ride via hooks.

Water - travel/float in water to disperse away from parent plant.

What are waves?

Waves are vibrations that transfer energy. Both light and sound travel in waves.

What are transverse waves?

Transverse waves move up and down at 90 degrees to the direction the wave is travelling.

What are longitudinal waves?

Longitudinal waves vibrate parallel to the direction the wave is travelling (passing energy along).

What is the amplitude of a wave?

The amplitude is the height from the centre line. the higher the amplitude, the louder the sound.

What is the wavelength of a wave?

The wavelength is the measurement from one crest to the next or one trough to the next. The longer the wavelength, the lower the pitch.

What is the Frequency of a wave?

The frequency is how many wavelengths there are in a space. The more wavelengths the higher the frequency. The higher the frequency the higher the pitch.

What are crests and troughs?

The crest is the highest points on the wave, and the troughs are the lowest points on the wave.

What is sound?

Sound is made when an object vibrates. Sound energy from the vibrating object is transferred from particle to particle. Sound must have matter to travel through. Sound travels faster through solids because particles are closer together.

What is light?

Light travels in straight lines. Light can travel through a vaccum (no particles). Light travels faster than sound. Light can travel through outer space but sound can not.

What is reflection?

Reflection is when waves bounce of a surface and change direction.

what is refraction?

Refraction is when light bends and goes from one material to another (like air to water).

What properties do solids have?

Solids are:

usually dense

fixed form/shape

fixed volume

cannot be compressed

cannot flow unless its a powder

particles vibrate

strong force attracting particles

What properties do liquids have?

Liquids:

take the shape of their container

has a fixed volume

free flowing particles, close together

weak bonds holding them together

can flow

less dense than a solid

What properties do gases have?

Gases have:

low density

no fixed shape, but do take up the shape of their container

no fixed volume

no forces holding them together

high energy

can be compressed

What is photosynthesis?

Photosynthesis is the process by which plants use the energy from sunlight to produce glucose from carbon dioxide and water. It is basically the way plants make their food.

word equation;

carbon dioxide + water (light energy happens here) = glucose +oxygen.

Light travels in straight lines. What is the ray going into the mirror called? what is the cay coming out of the mirror called? What angle will light hit the mirror at?

The ray going into the mirror is called the incident ray. The ray coming out of the mirror is called the reflected ray. The angle is called the angle of reflection, and the light will reflect at the same angle that it hits the mirror compared to the normal line.

Physcial change definition

Physical changes can be reversed and do not make a new product. They may look different physically, but are made out of the exact same materials.

Density

Density is how much mass is packed into a certain ammount of space.

How do objects have different colours?

White light is made up of all the colours on our colour spectrum - ROYGBIV. Each colour has a different wave frequency. Different objects absorb different light wavelengths. When a colour is NOT absorbed by an object, that colour reflects back to our eyes so that that is the colour we see.

When all the colours are absorbed into an object, what colour does the object appear?

Black.

When no colours are absorbed into an object, what colour does the object appear?

White.

How does the Earth orbit the sun?

The earth orbits or revolves around the sun, while rotating on its axis.

How does the Earth’s rotation cause day and night?

Day and night are caused by the earth´s rotation on its axis. An axis is an imaginary line that goes from the north pole to the south pole and tilts the earth. As the earth spins, half of it is facing the sun, which causes day. The other half is facing away from the sun, which causes nighttime. It takes 24 hours for the earth to rotate.